Precise U-Pb ages of Duluth Complex and related mafic intrusions, northeastern Minnesota: Geochronological insights to physical, petrogenetic, paleomagnetic, and tectonomagmatic processes associated with the 1.1 Ga Midcontinent Rift System

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Magmatism at rift zones: The generation of volcanic continental margins and flood basalts

Dan McKenzie, Robert White (1989)

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Improved accuracy of U-Pb zircon ages by the creation of more concordant systems using an air abrasion technique

T.E Krogh (1982)

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Flood Basalts and Hot-Spot Tracks: Plume Heads and Tails

M A Richards, R. A. Duncan, V. COURTILLOT (1989)

Continental flood basalt eruptions have resulted in sudden and massive accumulations of basaltic lavas in excess of any contemporary volcanic processes. The largest flood basalt events mark the earliest volcanic activity of many major hot spots, which are thought to result from deep mantle plumes. The relative volumes of melt and eruption rates of flood basalts and hot spots as well as their temporal and spatial relations can be explained by a model of mantle plume initiation: Flood basalts represent plume "heads" and hot spots represent continuing magmatism associated with the remaining plume conduit or "tail." Continental rifting is not required, although it commonly follows flood basalt volcanism, and flood basalt provinces may occur as a natural consequence of the initiation of hot-spot activity in ocean basins as well as on continents.