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      Oxidative guanine base damage regulates human telomerase activity

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          Abstract

          Changes in telomere length are associated with degenerative diseases and cancer. Oxidative stress and DNA damage have been linked to both positive and negative alterations in telomere length and integrity. Here we examined how the common oxidative lesion 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2′-deoxyguanine (8-oxoG) regulates telomere elongation by telomerase. When present in the deoxynucleoside triphosphate pool as 8-oxodGTP, telomerase utilization of the oxidized nucleotide during telomere extension is mutagenic and terminates further elongation. Depletion of the enzyme that removes oxidized dNTPs, MTH1, increases telomere dysfunction and cell death in telomerase positive cancer cells harboring shortened telomeres. In contrast, a pre-existing 8-oxoG within the telomeric DNA sequence promotes telomerase activity by destabilizing G-quadruplex structure in the DNA. We show that the mechanism by which 8-oxoG arises in the telomere, either by insertion of oxidized nucleotides or by direct reaction with free radicals, dictates whether telomerase is inhibited or stimulated and thereby, mediates the biological outcome.

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          Oxidative stress shortens telomeres.

          Telomeres in most human cells shorten with each round of DNA replication, because they lack the enzyme telomerase. This is not, however, the only determinant of the rate of loss of telomeric DNA. Oxidative damage is repaired less well in telomeric DNA than elsewhere in the chromosome, and oxidative stress accelerates telomere loss, whereas antioxidants decelerate it. I suggest here that oxidative stress is an important modulator of telomere loss and that telomere-driven replicative senescence is primarily a stress response. This might have evolved to block the growth of cells that have been exposed to a high risk of mutation.
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            DNA damage foci at dysfunctional telomeres.

            We report cytologic and genetic data indicating that telomere dysfunction induces a DNA damage response in mammalian cells. Dysfunctional, uncapped telomeres, created through inhibition of TRF2, became associated with DNA damage response factors, such as 53BP1, gamma-H2AX, Rad17, ATM, and Mre11. We refer to the domain of telomere-associated DNA damage factors as a Telomere Dysfunction-Induced Focus (TIF). The accumulation of 53BP1 on uncapped telomeres was reduced in the presence of the PI3 kinase inhibitors caffeine and wortmannin, which affect ATM, ATR, and DNA-PK. By contrast, Mre11 TIFs were resistant to caffeine, consistent with previous findings on the Mre11 response to ionizing radiation. A-T cells had a diminished 53BP1 TIF response, indicating that the ATM kinase is a major transducer of this pathway. However, in the absence of ATM, TRF2 inhibition still induced TIFs and senescence, pointing to a second ATM-independent pathway. We conclude that the cellular response to telomere dysfunction is governed by proteins that also control the DNA damage response. TIFs represent a new tool for evaluating telomere status in normal and malignant cells suspected of harboring dysfunctional telomeres. Furthermore, induction of TIFs through TRF2 inhibition provides an opportunity to study the DNA damage response within the context of well-defined, physically marked lesions.
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              The telomere syndromes.

              There has been mounting evidence of a causal role for telomere dysfunction in a number of degenerative disorders. Their manifestations encompass common disease states such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and bone marrow failure. Although these disorders seem to be clinically diverse, collectively they comprise a single syndrome spectrum defined by the short telomere defect. Here we review the manifestations and unique genetics of telomere syndromes. We also discuss their underlying molecular mechanisms and significance for understanding common age-related disease processes.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                101186374
                31761
                Nat Struct Mol Biol
                Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol.
                Nature structural & molecular biology
                1545-9993
                1545-9985
                13 October 2016
                07 November 2016
                December 2016
                07 May 2017
                : 23
                : 12
                : 1092-1100
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health and University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
                [2 ]Department of Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
                [3 ]University of South Alabama Mitchell Cancer Institute, Mobile, AL, USA
                [4 ]Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
                [5 ]Center for Nucleic Acids Science and Technology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
                [6 ]Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL
                Author notes
                Correspondence and request for materials should be addressed to P.L.O. ( plo4@ 123456pitt.edu )
                [*]

                these authors contributed equally to the manuscript

                Article
                NIHMS822598
                10.1038/nsmb.3319
                5140714
                27820808
                1c4597b1-9341-4df3-87f4-53774a450bd1

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                Molecular biology
                Molecular biology

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