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      The impact of autotrophic versus heterotrophic nutritional pathways on colony health and wound recovery in corals

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          Abstract

          For animals that harbor photosynthetic symbionts within their tissues, such as corals, the different relative contributions of autotrophy versus heterotrophy to organismal energetic requirements have direct impacts on fitness. This is especially true for facultatively symbiotic corals, where the balance between host‐caught and symbiont‐produced energy can be altered substantially to meet the variable demands of a shifting environment. In this study, we utilized a temperate coral–algal system (the northern star coral, Astrangia poculata, and its photosynthetic endosymbiont, Symbiodinium psygmophilum) to explore the impacts of nutritional sourcing on the host's health and ability to regenerate experimentally excised polyps. For fed and starved colonies, wound healing and total colony tissue cover were differentially impacted by heterotrophy versus autotrophy. There was an additive impact of positive nutritional and symbiotic states on a coral's ability to initiate healing, but a greater influence of symbiont state on the recovery of lost tissue at the lesion site and complete polyp regeneration. On the other hand, regardless of symbiont state, fed corals maintained a higher overall colony tissue cover, which also enabled more active host behavior (polyp extension) and endosymbiont behavior (photosynthetic ability of Symbiondinium). Overall, we determined that the impact of nutritional state and symbiotic state varied between biological functions, suggesting a diversity in energetic sourcing for each of these processes.

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          A genetics-based description of Symbiodinium minutum sp. nov. and S. psygmophilum sp. nov. (Dinophyceae), two dinoflagellates symbiotic with cnidaria.

          Traditional approaches for describing species of morphologically cryptic and often unculturable forms of endosymbiotic dinoflagellates are problematic. Two new species in the genus Symbiodinium Freudenthal 1962 are described using an integrative evolutionary genetics approach: Symbiodinium minutum sp. nov. are harbored by widespread tropical anemones in the genus Aiptasia; and Symbiodinium psygmophilum sp. nov. are harbored by subtropical and temperate stony corals (e.g., Astrangia, Cladocora, and Oculina) from the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea. Both new species are readily distinguished from each other by phylogenetic disparity and reciprocal monophyly of several nucleic acid sequences including nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacers 1 and 2, single copy microsatellite flanker Sym15, mitochondrial cytochrome b, and the chloroplast 23S rRNA gene. Such molecular evidence, combined with well-defined differences in cell size, physiology (thermal tolerance), and ecology (host compatibility) establishes these organisms as distinct species. Future descriptions of Symbiodinium spp. will need to emphasize genetics-based descriptions because significant morphological overlap in this group obscures large differences in ecology and evolutionary divergence. By using molecular evidence based on conserved and rapidly evolving genes analyzed from a variety of samples, species boundaries are defined under the precepts of Evolutionary and Biological Species Concepts without reliance on an arbitrary genetic distance metric. Because ecological specialization arises through genetic adaptations, the Ecological Species Concept can also serve to delimit many host-specific Symbiodinium spp.
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            Regeneration from Injury and Resource Allocation in Sponges and Corals - a Review

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              Effect of natural zooplankton feeding on the tissue and skeletal growth of the scleractinian coral Stylophora pistillata

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                lburmester@nyharbor.org , rrotjan@bu.edu
                lburmester@nyharbor.org , rrotjan@bu.edu
                Journal
                Ecol Evol
                Ecol Evol
                10.1002/(ISSN)2045-7758
                ECE3
                Ecology and Evolution
                John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )
                2045-7758
                18 October 2018
                November 2018
                : 8
                : 22 ( doiID: 10.1002/ece3.2018.8.issue-22 )
                : 10805-10816
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] Billion Oyster Project New York New York
                [ 2 ] Department of Biology Boston University Boston Massachusetts
                [ 3 ] John H Prescott Marine Laboratory Anderson‐Cabot Center for Ocean Life, New England Aquarium Boston Massachusetts
                Author notes
                [*] [* ] Correspondence

                Elizabeth M. Burmester and Randi D. Rotjan, Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA.

                Emails: lburmester@ 123456nyharbor.org and rrotjan@ 123456bu.edu

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3632-5638
                Article
                ECE34531
                10.1002/ece3.4531
                6262932
                1c69b6d4-194c-42ab-9a91-5395e37b52d1
                This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. © 2018 The Authors. Ecology and Evolution published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
                History
                : 09 July 2018
                : 07 August 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 8, Tables: 0, Pages: 12, Words: 18823
                Funding
                Funded by: PADI Foundation
                Funded by: Cell Signaling Technologies
                Funded by: Boston University Marine Program Warren McLeod Fellowship
                Funded by: New England Aquarium
                Funded by: National Science Foundation
                Award ID: IOS-1354935
                Categories
                Original Research
                Original Research
                Custom metadata
                2.0
                ece34531
                November 2018
                Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_NLMPMC version:version=5.5.3 mode:remove_FC converted:29.11.2018

                Evolutionary Biology
                coral,nutrition,recovery,symbiosis
                Evolutionary Biology
                coral, nutrition, recovery, symbiosis

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