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      Phytochemical Analysis of Pfaffia glomerata Inflorescences by LC-ESI-MS/MS

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          Abstract

          Pfaffia glomerata contains high levels of β-ecdysone, which has shown a range of beneficial pharmacological effects. The present study demonstrated that inflorescences of P. glomerata contain other important bioactive compounds in addition to β-ecdysone. The identification of compounds from inflorescences using liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) was performed for the first time. The eight compounds identified were β-ecdysone, flavonoid glycosides such as quercetin-3- O-glucoside, kaempferol-3- O-glucoside and kaempferol-3- O-(6- p-coumaroyl)-glucoside, oleanane-type triterpenoid saponins such as ginsenoside Ro and chikusetsusaponin IV, in addition to oleanonic acid and gluconic acid. This study provided information on the phytochemicals contained in P. glomerata inflorescences revealing the potential application of this plant part as raw material for the phytotherapeutic and cosmetic industries.

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          Liquid chromatographic/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric study of the phenolic composition of cocoa (Theobroma cacao).

          Rosa Lamuela-Raventos, H O Jauregui, Ferran Sánchez-Reus … (2002)
          Liquid chromatography coupled with ionspray mass spectrometry in the tandem mode (LC/MS/MS) with negative ion detection was used for the identification of a variety of phenolic compounds in a cocoa sample. Gradient elution with water and acetonitrile, both containing 0.1% HCOOH, was used. Standard solutions of 31 phenolic compounds, including benzoic and cinnamic acids and flavonoid compounds, were studied in the negative ion mode using MS/MS product ion scans. At low collisional activation, the deprotonated molecule [M - H](-) was observed for all the compounds studied. For cinnamic and benzoic acids, losses of CO(2) or formation of [M - CH(3)](-*) in the case of methoxylated compounds were observed. However, for flavonol and flavone glycosides, the spectra present both the deprotonated molecule [M - H](-) of the glycoside and the ion corresponding to the deprotonated aglycone [A - H](-). The latter ion is formed by loss of the rhamnose, glucose, galactose or arabinose residue from the glycosides. Different fragmentation patterns were observed in MS/MS experiments for flavone-C-glycosides which showed fragmentation in the sugar part. Fragmentation of aglycones provided characteristic ions for each family of flavonoids. The optimum LC/MS/MS conditions were applied to the characterization of a cocoa sample that had been subjected to an extraction/clean-up procedure which involved chromatography on Sephadex LH20 and thin-layer chromatographic monitoring. In addition to compounds described in the literature, such as epicatechin and catechin, quercetin, isoquercitrin (quercetin-3-O-glucoside) and quercetin-3-O-arabinose, other compounds were identified for the first time in cocoa samples, such as hyperoside (quercetin-3-O-galactoside), naringenin, luteolin, apigenin and some O-glucosides and C-glucosides of these compounds. Copyright 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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            Tea and herbal infusions: Their antioxidant activity and phenolic profile

            A Atoui (2005)
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              A microfluorometric method for quantifying RNA and DNA in terrestrial insects

              Marcia Kyle, Kevin T. Watts, J. Schade … (2003)
              Evidence is accumulating for a mechanistic linkage between body phosphorus content and growth and reproduction of individual organisms, due in part to variation in allocation of resources to ribosomal RNA. Testing this connection requires reliable methods of quantifying the nucleic acid content of individual organisms. Although methods for quantifying nucleic acids are available for a wide array of organisms, adaptation of such methods for study of insects has been neglected. Sensitive stains and high throughput fluorometric measurements are now available that substantially improve past methodologies. Here we present methods for the extraction and quantification of insect RNA and DNA based on the use of N-lauroylsarcosine and sonication for extraction, the nucleases RNase and DNase, and the use of microplate fluorescent assays to quantify nucleic acids as percent of body weight in insects. We illustrate the method using Drosophila and curculionid weevils.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Derek McPhee: Role: External Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Molecules
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Molecules
                Journal ID (publisher-id): molecules
                Title: Molecules
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 1420-3049
                Publication date (Electronic): 29 September 2014
                Publication date Collection: October 2014
                Volume: 19
                Issue: 10
                Pages: 15720-15734
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Pharmaceutical Sciences Postgraduate Program, Department of Pharmacy, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringá, Paraná 87020-900, Brazil; E-Mails: daniele.felipe@ 123456uol.com.br (D.F.F.); larazampar@ 123456yahoo.com.br (L.Z.S.B.)
                [2 ]Department of Chemistry, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringá, Paraná 87020-900, Brazil; E-Mails: cporto.silva@ 123456gmail.com (C.P.); ejpilau@ 123456uem.br (E.J.P.)
                Author notes
                [* ]Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: dagcortez@ 123456uem.br ; Tel./Fax: +55-44-3011-5248.
                Article
                Publisher ID: molecules-19-15720
                DOI: 10.3390/molecules191015720
                PMC ID: 6270899
                PubMed ID: 25268723
                SO-VID: 1c7c9f0a-12a8-44ee-92b8-214c01fea6ca
                Copyright © © 2014 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 04 August 2014
                Date revision received : 15 September 2014
                Date accepted : 22 September 2014
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                Keywords: pfaffia glomerata,inflorescences,lc-esi-ms/ms,β-ecdysone,flavonoid glycosides,triterpenoid saponins
                Data availability:
                Keywords: pfaffia glomerata, inflorescences, lc-esi-ms/ms, β-ecdysone, flavonoid glycosides, triterpenoid saponins

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