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      Influenza, Measles, SARS, MERS, and Smallpox

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          Abstract

          Influenza, measles, SARS, MERS, and smallpox illnesses are caused by highly infectious viral pathogens that induce critical illness. These biologically diverse viruses enter and replicate within host cells triggering viral- and host-mediated damage that results in pneumonia and multiorgan failure in severe cases. Early case identification and strict infection control limit healthcare transmission. Vaccination allowed smallpox eradication and limits global measles and seasonal influenza mortality. While SARS-coronavirus (CoV) is no longer circulating, MERS-CoV and zoonotic influenza viruses, with pandemic potential, remain persistent threats. Supportive critical care is the mainstay of treatment for severe disease due to these viral infections.

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          Isolation of a novel coronavirus from a man with pneumonia in Saudi Arabia.

          Theo M. Bestebroer, Albert Osterhaus, Sander van Boheemen … (2012)
          A previously unknown coronavirus was isolated from the sputum of a 60-year-old man who presented with acute pneumonia and subsequent renal failure with a fatal outcome in Saudi Arabia. The virus (called HCoV-EMC) replicated readily in cell culture, producing cytopathic effects of rounding, detachment, and syncytium formation. The virus represents a novel betacoronavirus species. The closest known relatives are bat coronaviruses HKU4 and HKU5. Here, the clinical data, virus isolation, and molecular identification are presented. The clinical picture was remarkably similar to that of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak in 2003 and reminds us that animal coronaviruses can cause severe disease in humans.
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            Characterization of a novel coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome.

            P Rota (2003)
            In March 2003, a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV) was discovered in association with cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). The sequence of the complete genome of SARS-CoV was determined, and the initial characterization of the viral genome is presented in this report. The genome of SARS-CoV is 29,727 nucleotides in length and has 11 open reading frames, and its genome organization is similar to that of other coronaviruses. Phylogenetic analyses and sequence comparisons showed that SARS-CoV is not closely related to any of the previously characterized coronaviruses.
            Article 0 comments Cited 1235 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Epidemiological, demographic, and clinical characteristics of 47 cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease from Saudi Arabia: a descriptive study

              Abdullah Assiri, Jaffar Al-Tawfiq, Abdullah A Al-Rabeeah … (2013)
              Summary Background Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is a new human disease caused by a novel coronavirus (CoV). Clinical data on MERS-CoV infections are scarce. We report epidemiological, demographic, clinical, and laboratory characteristics of 47 cases of MERS-CoV infections, identify knowledge gaps, and define research priorities. Methods We abstracted and analysed epidemiological, demographic, clinical, and laboratory data from confirmed cases of sporadic, household, community, and health-care-associated MERS-CoV infections reported from Saudi Arabia between Sept 1, 2012, and June 15, 2013. Cases were confirmed as having MERS-CoV by real-time RT-PCR. Findings 47 individuals (46 adults, one child) with laboratory-confirmed MERS-CoV disease were identified; 36 (77%) were male (male:female ratio 3·3:1). 28 patients died, a 60% case-fatality rate. The case-fatality rate rose with increasing age. Only two of the 47 cases were previously healthy; most patients (45 [96%]) had underlying comorbid medical disorders, including diabetes (32 [68%]), hypertension (16 [34%]), chronic cardiac disease (13 [28%]), and chronic renal disease (23 [49%]). Common symptoms at presentation were fever (46 [98%]), fever with chills or rigors (41 [87%]), cough (39 [83%]), shortness of breath (34 [72%]), and myalgia (15 [32%]). Gastrointestinal symptoms were also frequent, including diarrhoea (12 [26%]), vomiting (ten [21%]), and abdominal pain (eight [17%]). All patients had abnormal findings on chest radiography, ranging from subtle to extensive unilateral and bilateral abnormalities. Laboratory analyses showed raised concentrations of lactate dehydrogenase (23 [49%]) and aspartate aminotransferase (seven [15%]) and thrombocytopenia (17 [36%]) and lymphopenia (16 [34%]). Interpretation Disease caused by MERS-CoV presents with a wide range of clinical manifestations and is associated with substantial mortality in admitted patients who have medical comorbidities. Major gaps in our knowledge of the epidemiology, community prevalence, and clinical spectrum of infection and disease need urgent definition. Funding None.
              Article 0 comments Cited 808 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Jorge Hidalgo: jlhmmd@gmail.com
                Laila Woc-Colburn: woccolbu@bcm.edu
                Daniel S. Chertow: chertowd@cc.nih.gov
                Jason Kindrachuk: Jason.Kindrachuk@umanitoba.ca
                Journal
                Journal ID (publisher-id): 978-3-030-33803-9
                Journal ID (doi): 10.1007/978-3-030-33803-9
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Highly Infectious Diseases in Critical Care
                Title: Highly Infectious Diseases in Critical Care
                Subtitle: A Comprehensive Clinical Guide
                ISBN (Print): 978-3-030-33802-2
                ISBN (Electronic): 978-3-030-33803-9
                Publication date (Electronic): 03 January 2020
                Pages: 69-96
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Division of Critical Care, Karl Heusner Memorial Hospital, Belize City, Belize
                [2 ]GRID grid.39382.33, ISNI 0000 0001 2160 926X, National School of Tropical Medicine, , Baylor College of Medicine, ; Houston, TX USA
                [3 ]GRID grid.419681.3, ISNI 0000 0001 2164 9667, Critical Care Medicine Department, , National Institutes of Health Clinical Center and Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, ; Bethesda, MD USA
                [4 ]GRID grid.21613.37, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 9609, Laboratory of Emerging and Re-Emerging Viruses, Department of Medical Microbiology, , University of Manitoba, ; Winnipeg, MB Canada
                Article
                Publisher ID: 5
                DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-33803-9_5
                PMC ID: 7120728
                SO-VID: 1c9c35e8-89df-4ac0-acce-0d49e1f28db4
                Copyright © © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
                License:

                This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.

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                Subject: Article
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                issue-copyright-statement © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020

                Keywords: influenza,measles,sars,mers,smallpox,pathogenesis,treatment
                Data availability:
                Keywords: influenza, measles, sars, mers, smallpox, pathogenesis, treatment

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