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      Evolution of Cooperation in Multiplex Networks

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          Abstract

          We study evolutionary game dynamics on structured populations in which individuals take part in several layers of networks of interactions simultaneously. This multiplex of interdependent networks accounts for the different kind of social ties each individual has. By coupling the evolutionary dynamics of a Prisoner's Dilemma game in each of the networks, we show that the resilience of cooperative behaviors for extremely large values of the temptation to defect is enhanced by the multiplex structure. Furthermore, this resilience is intrinsically related to a non-trivial organization of cooperation across the network layers, thus providing a new way out for cooperation to survive in structured populations.

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          Understanding individual human mobility patterns

          M. González, A L Barabási, C. Hidalgo (2008)
          Despite their importance for urban planning, traffic forecasting, and the spread of biological and mobile viruses, our understanding of the basic laws governing human motion remains limited thanks to the lack of tools to monitor the time resolved location of individuals. Here we study the trajectory of 100,000 anonymized mobile phone users whose position is tracked for a six month period. We find that in contrast with the random trajectories predicted by the prevailing Levy flight and random walk models, human trajectories show a high degree of temporal and spatial regularity, each individual being characterized by a time independent characteristic length scale and a significant probability to return to a few highly frequented locations. After correcting for differences in travel distances and the inherent anisotropy of each trajectory, the individual travel patterns collapse into a single spatial probability distribution, indicating that despite the diversity of their travel history, humans follow simple reproducible patterns. This inherent similarity in travel patterns could impact all phenomena driven by human mobility, from epidemic prevention to emergency response, urban planning and agent based modeling.
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            Social diversity promotes the emergence of cooperation in public goods games.

            Francisco C. Santos, Marta D. Santos, Jorge M Pacheco (2008)
            Humans often cooperate in public goods games and situations ranging from family issues to global warming. However, evolutionary game theory predicts that the temptation to forgo the public good mostly wins over collective cooperative action, and this is often also seen in economic experiments. Here we show how social diversity provides an escape from this apparent paradox. Up to now, individuals have been treated as equivalent in all respects, in sharp contrast with real-life situations, where diversity is ubiquitous. We introduce social diversity by means of heterogeneous graphs and show that cooperation is promoted by the diversity associated with the number and size of the public goods game in which each individual participates and with the individual contribution to each such game. When social ties follow a scale-free distribution, cooperation is enhanced whenever all individuals are expected to contribute a fixed amount irrespective of the plethora of public goods games in which they engage. Our results may help to explain the emergence of cooperation in the absence of mechanisms based on individual reputation and punishment. Combining social diversity with reputation and punishment will provide instrumental clues on the self-organization of social communities and their economical implications.
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              Community Structure in Time-Dependent, Multiscale, and Multiplex Networks

              Mason Porter, Thomas Richardson, Kevin Macon … (2009)
              Network science is an interdisciplinary endeavor, with methods and applications drawn from across the natural, social, and information sciences. A prominent problem in network science is the algorithmic detection of tightly-connected groups of nodes known as communities. We developed a generalized framework of network quality functions that allowed us to study the community structure of arbitrary multislice networks, which are combinations of individual networks coupled through links that connect each node in one network slice to itself in other slices. This framework allows one to study community structure in a very general setting encompassing networks that evolve over time, have multiple types of links (multiplexity), and have multiple scales.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Sci Rep
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Sci Rep
                Title: Scientific Reports
                Publisher: Nature Publishing Group
                ISSN (Electronic): 2045-2322
                Publication date (Electronic): 31 August 2012
                Publication date Collection: 2012
                Volume: 2
                Electronic Location Identifier: 620
                Affiliations
                [1 ]simpleDepartamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, University of Zaragoza , Zaragoza 50009, Spain
                [2 ]simpleInstitute for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI), University of Zaragoza , Zaragoza 50018, Spain
                [3 ]simpleDepartament d'Enginyeria Informàtica i Matemàtiques, Universitat Rovira i Virgili , 43007 Tarragona, Spain
                Author notes
                Article
                Publisher Item ID: srep00620
                DOI: 10.1038/srep00620
                PMC ID: 3431544
                PubMed ID: 22943006
                SO-VID: 1cabcd98-26c8-420f-b91f-c06dc69f53fa
                Copyright © Copyright © 2012, Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved
                License:

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareALike 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/

                History
                Date received : 15 May 2012
                Date accepted : 06 August 2012
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized
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