Comparison of Vitamin D Level of Children with Severe Early Childhood Caries and Children with No Caries

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Abstract

Aim

To compare the levels of vitamin D in children with severe early childhood caries (SECC) and children without caries and to determine the association of vitamin D deficiency and SECC.

Materials and methods

A total of 30 children each from case (with caries) and control group (without caries) of age between 3 and 6 years were selected from the Department of Pedo-dontics and Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Sciences, SGT University, Gurugram. Caries status of the children was recorded using decayed, extracted, and filled teeth (deft) index. Blood samples for serum 25(OH) vitamin D were taken from each child. All the data collected were compiled and subjected to appropriate statistical analysis.

Results

Case group has mean serum 25(OH) vitamin D level of 12.19 ng/mL [4.37 standard deviation (SD), 95% confidence interval of 10.5-13.8] and control group has mean serum 25(OH) vitamin D level of 20.11 ng/mL (4.12 SD, 95% confidence interval of 18.56-21.65). When the mean levels of serum 25(OH) vitamin D were compared between case and control groups, there was a statistically significant difference (p-value <0.0001). Simple linear regression in case group shows statistically significant inverse correlation between vitamin D levels and SECC (p-value<0.0001).

Conclusion

Our results showed that vitamin D deficiency is risk factor both for incidence of dental caries and for its severity in children.

Clinical significance

Vitamin D deficiency is an important modifiable risk factor for dental caries in children. Hence, by supplementing vitamin D in children and preventing the deficiency of vitamin D, dental caries can be prevented.

How to cite this article: Chhonkar A, Gupta A, Arya V. Comparison of Vitamin D Level of Children with Severe Early Childhood Caries and Children with No Caries. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2018;11(3):199-204.

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Most cited references 27

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Increased skin pigment reduces the capacity of skin to synthesise vitamin D3.

T Clemens, J Adams, S L Henderson … (1982)

To determine the effect of increased skin pigment on the cutaneous production of vitamin D3, circulating vitamin D concentrations were determined in two lightly pigmented Caucasian and three heavily pigmented Negro volunteers after exposure to a single standard dose of ultraviolet radiation (UVR). Exposure of Caucasian subjects to 1 minimal erythemal dose of UVR greatly increased serum vitamin-D concentrations by up to 60-fold 24-48 h after exposure, whereas this dose did not significantly change serum vitamin-D concentrations in Negro subjects. Re-exposure of one Negro subject to a dose of UVR six times larger than the standard dose increased circulating vitamin D to concentrations similar to those recorded in Caucasian subjects after exposure to the lower dose. These results indicate that increased skin pigment can greatly reduce the UVR-mediated synthesis of vitamin D.

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Benefits and requirements of vitamin D for optimal health: a review.

George W. Grant, Michael Holick (2005)

Vitamin D sufficiency is required for optimal health. The conditions with strong evidence for a protective effect of vitamin D include several bone diseases, muscle weakness, more than a dozen types of internal cancers, multiple sclerosis, and type 1 diabetes mellitus. There is also weaker evidence for several other diseases and conditions. There are good reasons that vitamin D sufficiency be maintained during all stages of life, from fetal development to old age. Adequate calcium intake is also recommended. The current vitamin D requirements in the United States are based on protection against bone diseases. These guidelines are being revised upward in light of new findings, especially for soft-tissue health. The consensus of scientific understanding appears to be that vitamin D deficiency is reached for serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) levels less than 20 ng/mL (50 nmol/L), insufficiency in the range from 20-32 ng/mL, and sufficiency in the range from 33-80 ng/mL, with normal in sunny countries 54-90 ng/mL, and excess greater than 100 ng/mL. Solar ultraviolet-B (UVB) irradiation is the primary source of vitamin D for most people. In general, the health benefits accruing from moderate UV irradiation, without erythema or excess tanning, greatly outweigh the health risks, with skin pigmentation (melanin) providing much of the protection. In the absence of adequate solar UVB irradiation due to season, latitude, or lifestyle, vitamin D can be obtained from fortified food, oily fish, vitamin D supplements, and artificial sources of UVB radiation.

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Steroid and xenobiotic receptor and vitamin D receptor crosstalk mediates CYP24 expression and drug-induced osteomalacia.

Christopher Watkins, Kenneth Thummel, J Tay … (2006)

The balance between bioactivation and degradation of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] is critical for ensuring appropriate biological effects of vitamin D. Cytochrome P450, family 24-mediated (CYP24-mediated) 24-hydroxylation of 1,25(OH)2D3 is an important step in the catabolism of 1,25(OH)2D3. The enzyme is directly regulated by vitamin D receptor (VDR), and it is expressed mainly in the kidney, where VDR is also abundant. A recent report suggests that activation of steroid and xenobiotic receptor (SXR) also enhances the expression of CYP24, providing a new molecular mechanism of drug-induced osteomalacia. However, here we showed that activation of SXR did not induce CYP24 expression in vitro and in vivo, nor did it transactivate the CYP24 promoter. Instead, SXR inhibited VDR-mediated CYP24 promoter activity, and CYP24 expression was very low in tissues containing high levels of SXR, including the small intestine. Moreover, 1,25(OH)2D3-induced CYP24 expression was enhanced in mice lacking the SXR ortholog pregnane X receptor, and treatment of humans with the SXR agonist rifampicin had no effect on intestinal CYP24 expression, despite demonstration of marked CYP3A4 induction. Combined with our previous findings that CYP3A4, not CYP24, plays the dominant role in hydroxylation of 1,25(OH)2D3 in human liver and intestine, our results indicate that SXR has a dual role in mediating vitamin D catabolism and drug-induced osteomalacia.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Clin Pediatr Dent

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Int J Clin Pediatr Dent

Journal ID (publisher-id): IJCPD

Title: International Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry

Publisher: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers

ISSN (Print): 0974-7052

ISSN (Electronic): 0975-1904

Publication date (Print): May-Jun 2018

Publication date (Electronic): 01 June 2018

Volume: 11

Issue: 3

Pages: 199-204

Affiliations

[1 ]Postgraduate Student, Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Shree Guru Gobind Singh Tricentenary Dental College Hospital & Research Institute, New Delhi, India

[2 ]Head, Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Shree Guru Gobind Singh Tricentenary University, Gurugram, Haryana India

[3 ]Professor, Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Shree Guru Gobind Singh Tricentenary University, Gurugram, Haryana India

Author notes

Corresponding Author: Anchal Chhonkar, Postgraduate Student, Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry Shree Guru Gobind Singh Tricentenary Dental College Hospital & Research Institute, New Delhi, India, Phone: +919811567645 e-mail: anchalchhonkar05@gmail.com

Article

DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1511

PMC ID: 6102444

PubMed ID: 30131641

SO-VID: 1cb385ec-5280-4c09-a0a7-d17f7d1f5fe1

License:

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Comparison of Vitamin D Level of Children with Severe Early Childhood Caries and Children with No Caries

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Abstract

Aim

Materials and methods

Results

Conclusion

Clinical significance

Related collections

Biomarkers for Inflammatory Lung Disease

Most cited references 27

Increased skin pigment reduces the capacity of skin to synthesise vitamin D3.

Benefits and requirements of vitamin D for optimal health: a review.

Steroid and xenobiotic receptor and vitamin D receptor crosstalk mediates CYP24 expression and drug-induced osteomalacia.

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