orco mutant mosquitoes lose strong preference for humans and are not repelled by volatile DEET

Abstract

Female mosquitoes of some species are generalists and will blood-feed on a variety of vertebrate hosts, whereas others display marked host preference. Anopheles gambiae and Aedes aegypti have evolved a strong preference for humans, making them dangerously efficient vectors of malaria and Dengue haemorrhagic fever ¹ . Specific host odours likely drive this strong preference since other attractive cues, including body heat and exhaled carbon dioxide (CO ₂) are common to all warm-blooded hosts ^{2, 3} . Insects sense odours via several chemosensory receptor families, including the odorant receptors (ORs). ORs are membrane proteins that form heteromeric odour-gated ion channels ^{4, 5} comprised of a variable ligand-selective subunit and an obligate co-receptor called Orco ⁶ . Here we use zinc-finger nucleases to generate targeted mutations in the Ae. aegypti orco gene to examine the contribution of Orco and the OR pathway to mosquito host selection and sensitivity to the insect repellent DEET. orco mutant olfactory sensory neurons have greatly reduced spontaneous activity and lack odour-evoked responses. Behaviourally, orco mutant mosquitoes have severely reduced attraction to honey, an odour cue related to floral nectar, and do not respond to human scent in the absence of CO ₂. However, in the presence of CO ₂, female orco mutant mosquitoes retain strong attraction to both human and animal hosts, but no longer strongly prefer humans. orco mutant females are attracted to human hosts even in the presence of DEET, but are repelled upon contact, indicating that olfactory- and contact-mediated effects of DEET are mechanistically distinct. We conclude that the OR pathway is crucial for an anthropophilic vector mosquito to discriminate human from non-human hosts and to be effectively repelled by volatile DEET.