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      La miliaire hépatique: une présentation échographique rare de la tuberculose hépatique découverte chez un adolescent immuno-compétent Translated title: Miliary hepatic: an unusual ultrasound presentation of liver tuberculosis discover in an immuno-competent adolescent

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          Abstract

          Ce cas clinique rapporte un cas de tuberculose hépatique de présentation échographique exceptionnelle. Nous avons réalisé l’échographie abdominale d'un adolescent de 12 ans, immuno-compétent, sans notion de contage tuberculeux, se plaignant de douleur abdominale chronique évoluant depuis 8 mois associée à des signes frustres d‘imprégnation tuberculeuse. L'examen échographique a été réalisé à l'aide d'un appareil écho-doppler de marque Logic 400 de la firme General Electric. L’échographie abdominale a mis en évidence, une hépatomégalie comportant de multiples micro-abcès hypoéchogènes homogènes, mesurant entre 3 et 4 mm de diamètre et disséminés dans tout le parenchyme hépatique donnant l'aspect de miliaire. Une ascite de moyenne abondance localisée dans le pelvis a été objectivée. Il n'y avait pas d'adénopathies profondes ni de nodules péritonéaux. La ponction biopsie hépatique sous guidage échographique a permis de faire le diagnostic de tuberculose hépatique à l'histologie et à la bactériologie. Le patient a été mis sous traitement spécifique avec une surveillance échographique mensuelle. La disparition des micro-abcès et le tarissement de l'ascite ont été obtenus au bout du 4 ème mois du traitement. Celle de l'hépatomégalie est survenue un mois plus tard. L’échographie joue un rôle très important dans la détection précoce de la tuberculose hépatique, son diagnostic précis et la surveillance du traitement. Lors de sa réalisation dans un contexte de douleur abdominale chronique chez l'enfant, l’échographiste devrait évoquer le diagnostic de tuberculose hépatique devant une hépatomégalie multi-micro-abcédée, même chez l'enfant immuno-compétent.

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          Most cited references21

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          Imaging diagnosis of 12 patients with hepatic tuberculosis.

          To assess CT, MR manifestations and their diagnostic value in hepatic tuberculosis. CT findings in 12 cases and MR findings in 4 cases of hepatic tuberculosis proved by surgery or biopsy were retrospectively analyzed. (1) CT findings: One case of serohepatic type of hepatic tuberculosis had multiple-nodular lesions in the subcapsule of liver. Parenchymal type was found in 10 cases, including multiple, miliary, micronodular and low-density lesions with miliary calcifications in 2 cases; singular, low-density mass with multiple flecked calcifications in 3 cases; multiple cystic lesions in 1 case; multiple micronodular and low-density lesions fusing into multiloculated cystic mass or "cluster" sign in 3 cases; and singular, macronodular and low-density lesion with multiple miliary calcifications in 1 case. One case of tuberculous cholangitis showed marked dilated intrahepatic ducts with multiple flecked calcifications in the porta hepatis. (2) MR findings in 4 cases were hypointense on both T1-weighted imagings and T2-weighted imagings in one case, hypointense on T1-weighted imagings and hyperintense on T2-weighted imagings in 3 cases. Enhanced MR in 3 cases was slightly shown peripheral enhancement or with multilocular enhancement. Various types of hepatic tuberculosis have different imaging findings, and typical CT and MR findings can suggest the diagnosis.
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            [Pseudotumoral form of abdominal tuberculosis: report of four cases].

            To report the imaging features of four cases of pseudo-tumoral abdominal tuberculosis in order to demonstrate diagnostic difficulties, even in endemic areas, despite expanding imaging modalities. We have retrospectively reviewed four cases investigated in our hospital between 1998 and 2002. The first case concerned a 2 year and 6 month old boy admitted for a right iliac fossa mass. The other patients were 43 and 48 year old women admitted for epigastric mass and persistent epigastric pain with past history of treated tuberculosis respectively. The last was an 86 year old man investigated because progressive worsening of general health. Sonography (US) and computed tomography (CT) were performed in all four cases. Involvement of the ileocaecal region was noted in three cases. Large intestinal hypervascular mass in the pediatric case, heterogeneous mass with porta hepatis lymph node in the patient with past history of treated tuberculosis, pseudotumoral caecal wall thickening in the third case. The multiloculated pattern of the epigastric mass and its location initially suggested a diagnosis of pancreatic tumor. Abdominal tuberculosis is rare even in endemic areas. This diagnosis must be considered when imaging modalities depict a hypervascular soft tissue mass on Doppler examination with peripheral enhancement on CT scan.
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              Abdominal tuberculosis in children. Report of 10 cases.

              Abdominal tuberculosis is a rare location of this infection with a lot of diagnostic difficulties. The aim of this study was to review our experience of pediatric abdominal tuberculosis with that of the literature data. A retrospective study was conducted over a 7-year period; 10 cases of abdominal tuberculosis in children were reviewed (6 girls and 4 boys, mean age: 11 years, extremes 4-14). Eight patients enrolled in this study satisfied the following criteria: a positive culture for mycobacterium tuberculosis on samples of ascites fluid, sputum, urine, abscess puncture and/or caseating granulomas on histologic examination of biopsies obtained by endoscopy, percutaneous aspiration or needle biopsy or exploratory laparotomy. Two other patients (patients No 1 & 5) had a favorable response within 10 weeks of antituberculous therapy. We observed 8 cases of peritoneal tuberculosis and 2 cases of intestinal tuberculosis. Extra-abdominal tuberculosis was found in 4 of those patients. Two patients had a contact with a tuberculosis positive individual. Nine children had BCG immunization. The main clinical features were abdominal distension (6 cases) and abdominal pain (6 cases). Abdominal ultrasonography visualized mesenteric lymphadenopathies (6 cases), an abdominal mass (5 cases), free (1 case) and localized ascites (1 case). Barium enema and small bowell series showed small bowel stenosis (1 case) and ileal ulcerations (1 case). Exploratory laparotomy, performed in 3 patients, showed whitish granulations and peritoneal abscesses with caseous necrosis on histology. Quadruple therapy with tuberculostatic agents was prescribed in all patients, associating isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide combined at the start of the treatment with streptomycin (7 cases) and ethambutol (3 cases). Short term outcome was favorable with no deaths. The long term outcome was complicated by persistent ascites (1 case) and the development of portal hypertension (1 case). Abdominal tuberculosis remains a rare localization with a lot of diagnostic difficulties.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Pan Afr Med J
                PAMJ
                The Pan African Medical Journal
                The African Field Epidemiology Network
                1937-8688
                09 May 2011
                2011
                : 9
                : 1
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Service de radiologie, CHU de Yopougon, BP 632 Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
                [2 ]Service de Pédiatrie-Néonatologie, CHU de Yopougon, BP 632, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
                Author notes
                [& ]Corresponding author: N'goran Kouamé,Service de radiologie, CHU de Yopougon Abidjan BP 632, Côte d'Ivoire
                Article
                PAMJ-09-01
                10.4314/pamj.v9i1.71201
                3215523
                22355417
                1ccf94be-f956-4997-b131-19192e99a43b
                © Kouamé N'goran et al.

                The Pan African Medical Journal - ISSN 1937-8688. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 24 November 2011
                : 04 May 2011
                Categories
                Case Report

                Medicine
                echographie hépatique,tuberculose extra-pulmonaire,miliaire hépatique,tuberculose hépatique

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