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      The First Record of Ooencyrtus nezarae (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) on Kudzu Bug (Hemiptera: Plataspidae) in North America

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          Abstract

          The kudzu bug, Megacopta cribraria (F.) (Heteroptera: Plataspidae), is an invasive insect pest introduced from Asia in 2009 that poses a threat to soybeans ( Glycine max [L.] Merr. [Fabales: Fabaceae]) and other legume crops in the United States. Initially discovered in Georgia, M. cribraria rapidly expanded across the southeast until 2014 when a significant decline in its population was observed across many locations. This notable decline in M. cribraria populations is attributed to the emergence of new parasitoids and pathogens in its new invasive range. So far, only a single egg parasitoid, Paratelenomus saccharalis (Dodd) (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae), is known to parasitize the eggs of M. cribraria in the United States. Here, we report a new egg parasitoid of M. cribraria identified as Ooencyrtus nezarae Ishii, 1928 (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), recovered from egg masses of M. cribraria collected from soybean in Alabama. O. nezarae is reported to parasitize eggs from a variety of heteropteran families and has been observed parasitizing M. cribraria in China. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of O. nezarae in North America. The potentials of O. nezarae for biological control of M. cribraria in the United States and the direction of future studies are discussed.

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          Simplicity-correlated size growth of the nuclear 28S ribosomal RNA D3 expansion segment in the crustacean order Isopoda.

          The expansion segments within the eukaryote nuclear 23S-like ribosomal RNA molecule are now well characterized in many diverse organisms. A different base compositional bias, a higher propensity for size variability, and an increased evolutionary rate distinguish these regions from the universally conserved "core" regions of the molecule. In addition, some expansion segments of higher eukaryotes exhibit significant sequence simplicity which is hypothesized to occur by slippage-mediated mutational processes. We describe the discovery of extreme size variation of the D3 expansion segment in the crustacean order Isopoda. Among 11 species D3 varies in size from 180 to 518 nucleotides but maintains a homologous secondary structure. The D3 size is significantly positively correlated to relative simplicity factor (RSF), indicating that growth is most likely by insertion of simple sequences. D3 size and RSF correlate approximately with a morphology-based phylogeny, and within oniscideans RSF increases as more recent divergences occur. The D3 of Armadillidium vulgare, with an RSF of 1.87, is the highest value recorded for any known expansion segment. Regions of high sequence simplicity in nuclear ribosomal RNA were previously only known from the higher vertebrate lineage. Here we demonstrate that this phenomenon occurs in a more extreme condition within a monophyletic invertebrate lineage. The extreme size changes identified could indicate that expansion segments are an extraneous element in the functioning ribosome.
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            A Molecular Phylogeny of the Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera)

            Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera) are extremely diverse with more than 23,000 species described and over 500,000 species estimated to exist. This is the first comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the superfamily based on a molecular analysis of 18S and 28S ribosomal gene regions for 19 families, 72 subfamilies, 343 genera and 649 species. The 56 outgroups are comprised of Ceraphronoidea and most proctotrupomorph families, including Mymarommatidae. Data alignment and the impact of ambiguous regions are explored using a secondary structure analysis and automated (MAFFT) alignments of the core and pairing regions and regions of ambiguous alignment. Both likelihood and parsimony approaches are used to analyze the data. Overall there is no impact of alignment method, and few but substantial differences between likelihood and parsimony approaches. Monophyly of Chalcidoidea and a sister group relationship between Mymaridae and the remaining Chalcidoidea is strongly supported in all analyses. Either Mymarommatoidea or Diaprioidea are the sister group of Chalcidoidea depending on the analysis. Likelihood analyses place Rotoitidae as the sister group of the remaining Chalcidoidea after Mymaridae, whereas parsimony nests them within Chalcidoidea. Some traditional family groups are supported as monophyletic (Agaonidae, Eucharitidae, Encyrtidae, Eulophidae, Leucospidae, Mymaridae, Ormyridae, Signiphoridae, Tanaostigmatidae and Trichogrammatidae). Several other families are paraphyletic (Perilampidae) or polyphyletic (Aphelinidae, Chalcididae, Eupelmidae, Eurytomidae, Pteromalidae, Tetracampidae and Torymidae). Evolutionary scenarios discussed for Chalcidoidea include the evolution of phytophagy, egg parasitism, sternorrhynchan parasitism, hypermetamorphic development and heteronomy.
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              Early Detection and Mitigation of Resistance to Bt Maize by Western Corn Rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae).

              Transgenic Bt maize that produces less than a high-dose has been widely adopted and presents considerable insect resistance management (IRM) challenges. Western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, has rapidly evolved resistance to Bt maize in the field, leading to local loss of efficacy for some corn rootworm Bt maize events. Documenting and responding to this resistance has been complicated by a lack of rapid diagnostic bioassays and by regulatory triggers that hinder timely and effective management responses. These failures are of great concern to the scientific and agricultural community. Specific challenges posed by western corn rootworm resistance to Bt maize, and more general concerns around Bt crops that produce less than a high-dose of Bt toxin, have caused uncertainty around current IRM protocols. More than 15 years of experience with IRM has shown that high-dose and refuge-based IRM is not applicable to Bt crops that produce less than a high-dose. Adaptive IRM approaches and pro-active, integrated IRM-pest management strategies are needed and should be in place before release of new technologies that produce less than a high-dose. We suggest changes in IRM strategies to preserve the utility of corn rootworm Bt maize by 1) targeting local resistance management earlier in the sequence of responses to resistance and 2) developing area-wide criteria to address widespread economic losses. We also favor consideration of policies and programs to counteract economic forces that are contributing to rapid resistance evolution.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                J Insect Sci
                J. Insect Sci
                jis
                Journal of Insect Science
                Oxford University Press (US )
                1536-2442
                January 2018
                30 January 2018
                : 18
                : 1
                : 8
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL
                [3 ]USDA-ARS, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Washington, DC
                Author notes

                Present Address: Department of Entomology, 103 Entomology Hall, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583

                Present Address: USDA-APHIS, National Identification Services, Beltsville, MD 20705

                Corresponding author, e-mail: fadamhy@ 123456auburn.edu
                Article
                iex105
                10.1093/jisesa/iex105
                5789261
                1ceeda7b-50a0-4ab7-81bb-435b47481161
                Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Entomological Society of America 2018. This work is written by (a) US Government employee(s) and is in the public domain in the US.

                This Open Access article contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v2.0 ( http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/2/).

                History
                : 10 August 2017
                Page count
                Pages: 7
                Funding
                Funded by: Agriculture and Food Research Initiative Competitive
                Award ID: 2015-69004-23420
                Funded by: National Institute of Food and Agriculture 10.13039/100005825
                Funded by: Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station 10.13039/100008745
                Categories
                Research Articles

                Entomology
                egg parasitoid,biological control,kudzu bug,ecological guild
                Entomology
                egg parasitoid, biological control, kudzu bug, ecological guild

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