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      Electrospun Nanofibers Loaded with Quercetin Promote the Recovery of Focal Entrapment Neuropathy in a Rat Model of Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes

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          Abstract

          In this study, quercetin-loaded zein-based nanofibers were developed using electrospinning technique. The therapeutic effect of these quercetin-loaded nanofibers on neuropathy in streptozotocin- (STZ-) induced diabetes in rats was assessed. Diabetic condition was induced in male Wistar rats by STZ, after which a crush injury of the right sciatic nerve was performed to induce mononeuropathy. Functional recovery was assessed using walking track analysis, measurements of foot withdrawal reflex, nerve conduction velocity, and morphological analysis. The oxidative stress status and the ratio of phosphorylated extracellular recognition kinase (pERK)/extracellular recognition kinase (ERK) expression in the nerve lesion were also assessed in order to elucidate the potential mechanisms involved. Results showed that quercetin-loaded zein-based nanofibers slightly enhanced functional recovery from neuropathy in STZ-diabetic rats. The potential mechanism might partially involve improvements in oxidative stress status and the ratio of pERK/ERK expression in the nerve lesion.

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          Anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative and anti-atherosclerotic effects of quercetin in human in vitro and in vivo models.

          Polyphenols such as quercetin may exert several beneficial effects, including those resulting from anti-inflammatory activities, but their impact on cardiovascular health is debated. We investigated the effect of quercetin on cardiovascular risk markers including human C-reactive protein (CRP) and on atherosclerosis using transgenic humanized models of cardiovascular disease. After evaluating its anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects in cultured human cells, quercetin (0.1%, w/w in diet) was given to human CRP transgenic mice, a humanized inflammation model, and ApoE*3Leiden transgenic mice, a humanized atherosclerosis model. Sodium salicylate was used as an anti-inflammatory reference. In cultured human endothelial cells, quercetin protected against H(2)O(2)-induced lipid peroxidation and reduced the cytokine-induced cell-surface expression of VCAM-1 and E-selectin. Quercetin also reduced the transcriptional activity of NFκB in human hepatocytes. In human CRP transgenic mice (quercetin plasma concentration: 12.9 ± 1.3 μM), quercetin quenched IL1β-induced CRP expression, as did sodium salicylate. In ApoE*3Leiden mice, quercetin (plasma concentration: 19.3 ± 8.3 μM) significantly attenuated atherosclerosis by 40% (sodium salicylate by 86%). Quercetin did not affect atherogenic plasma lipids or lipoproteins but it significantly lowered the circulating inflammatory risk factors SAA and fibrinogen. Combined histological and microarray analysis of aortas revealed that quercetin affected vascular cell proliferation thereby reducing atherosclerotic lesion growth. Quercetin also reduced the gene expression of specific factors implicated in local vascular inflammation including IL-1R, Ccl8, IKK, and STAT3. Quercetin reduces the expression of human CRP and cardiovascular risk factors (SAA, fibrinogen) in mice in vivo. These systemic effects together with local anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory effects in the aorta may contribute to the attenuation of atherosclerosis. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
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            Myelinated and unmyelinated axons of the corpus callosum differ in vulnerability and functional recovery following traumatic brain injury.

            Traumatic axonal injury (TAI), a common feature of traumatic brain injury, is associated with postinjury morbidity and mortality. However, TAI is not uniformly expressed in all axonal populations, with fiber caliber and anatomical location influencing specific TAI pathology. To study differential axonal vulnerability to brain injury, axonal excitability and integrity were assessed in the corpus callosum following fluid percussion injury in the rat. In brain slice electrophysiological recordings, compound action potentials (CAPs) were evoked in the corpus callosum, and injury effects were quantified separately for CAP waveform components generated by myelinated axons (N1 wave) and by unmyelinated axons (N2 wave). Ultrastructural analyses were also conducted of TAI-induced morphological changes in these axonal populations. The two populations of axons differed in response to brain injury, and in their functional recovery, during the first week postinjury. Amplitudes of N1 and N2 were significantly depressed at 3 h, 1 day, and 3 days survival. N1 amplitudes exhibited a recovery to control levels by 7 days postinjury. In contrast, N2 amplitudes were persistently suppressed through 7 days postinjury. Strength-duration properties of evoked CAPs further differentiated the effects of injury in these axonal populations, with N2 exhibiting an elevated strength-duration time constant postinjury. Ultrastructural observations revealed degeneration of myelinated axons consistent with diffuse injury sequelae, as well as previously undocumented pathology within the unmyelinated fiber population. Collectively, these findings demonstrate differential vulnerabilities of axons to brain injury and suggest that damage to unmyelinated fibers may play a significant role in morbidity associated with brain injury.
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              Antioxidant properties of quercetin.

              Quercetin, a plant-derived aglycone form of flavonoid glycosides, has been used as a nutritional supplement and may be beneficial against a variety of diseases, including cancer. We examined the antioxidant properties of quercetin. The reduction potential of quercetin was measured at various pH values using voltammetric methods, and its total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was measured using the phosphomolybdenum method. The effect of quercetin on production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) in LPS-stimulated human THP-1 acute monocytic leukemia cells was determined by flow cytometry using CM-H2DCFDA dye. The results were compared with curcumin, a natural product exhibiting a similar range of reported health benefits. 1) Quercetin has a higher reduction potential compared with curcumin at three different pH settings and is comparable to Trolox at pH 7-9.5; 2) its TAC is 3.5 fold higher than curcumin; 3) it reduced LPS-induced ROS to near normal levels; 4) it reduced LPS-induced NO production. These data provide a physico-chemical basis for comparing antioxidants, with potential benefits individually or in combination.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Biomed Res Int
                Biomed Res Int
                BMRI
                BioMed Research International
                Hindawi Publishing Corporation
                2314-6133
                2314-6141
                2017
                30 January 2017
                : 2017
                : 2017493
                Affiliations
                1Department of Physiology and Graduate School (Neuroscience Program), Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
                2Integrative Complementary and Alternative Medicine Research and Development Center, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
                3Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
                Author notes
                *Jintanaporn Wattanathorn: jintanapornw@ 123456yahoo.com

                Academic Editor: Stelvio M. Bandiera

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7383-2348
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7756-1955
                Article
                10.1155/2017/2017493
                5304310
                1d0832c6-0e49-4fbe-981e-5c33e121a9d3
                Copyright © 2017 Chonlathip Thipkaew et al.

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 17 October 2016
                : 29 December 2016
                Funding
                Funded by: National Research Council of Thailand
                Funded by: National Nanotechnology Center
                Funded by: NSTDA
                Funded by: Ministry of Science and Technology, Thailand
                Funded by: Khon Kaen University
                Categories
                Research Article

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