A Critical Review about Different Vaccines against Classical Swine Fever Virus and Their Repercussions in Endemic Regions

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Abstract

Classical swine fever (CSF) is, without any doubt, one of the most devasting viral infectious diseases affecting the members of Suidae family, which causes a severe impact on the global economy. The reemergence of CSF virus (CSFV) in several countries in America, Asia, and sporadic outbreaks in Europe, sheds light about the serious concern that a potential global reemergence of this disease represents. The negative aspects related with the application of mass stamping out policies, including elevated costs and ethical issues, point out vaccination as the main control measure against future outbreaks. Hence, it is imperative for the scientific community to continue with the active investigations for more effective vaccines against CSFV. The current review pursues to gather all the available information about the vaccines in use or under developing stages against CSFV. From the perspective concerning the evolutionary viral process, this review also discusses the current problematic in CSF-endemic countries.

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Most cited references 236

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Nucleic acid detection with CRISPR-Cas13a/C2c2

Jonathan S. Gootenberg, Omar O Abudayyeh, Jeong Wook Lee … (2017)

Rapid, inexpensive, and sensitive nucleic acid detection may aid point-of-care pathogen detection, genotyping, and disease monitoring. The RNA-guided, RNA-targeting CRISPR effector Cas13a (previously known as C2c2) exhibits a “collateral effect” of promiscuous RNAse activity upon target recognition. We combine the collateral effect of Cas13a with isothermal amplification to establish a CRISPR-based diagnostic (CRISPR-Dx), providing rapid DNA or RNA detection with attomolar sensitivity and single-base mismatch specificity. We use this Cas13a-based molecular detection platform, termed SHERLOCK ( S pecific H igh Sensitivity E nzymatic R eporter Un LOCK ing), to detect specific strains of Zika and Dengue virus, distinguish pathogenic bacteria, genotype human DNA, and identify cell-free tumor DNA mutations. Furthermore, SHERLOCK reaction reagents can be lyophilized for cold-chain independence and long-term storage, and readily reconstituted on paper for field applications.

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Type I interferons (IFNs) have diverse effects on innate and adaptive immune cells during infection with viruses, bacteria, parasites and fungi, directly and/or indirectly through the induction of other mediators. Type I IFNs are important for host defence against viruses. However, recently, they have been shown to cause immunopathology in some acute viral infections, such as influenza virus infection. Conversely, they can lead to immunosuppression during chronic viral infections, such as lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection. During bacterial infections, low levels of type I IFNs may be required at an early stage, to initiate cell-mediated immune responses. High concentrations of type I IFNs may block B cell responses or lead to the production of immunosuppressive molecules, and such concentrations also reduce the responsiveness of macrophages to activation by IFNγ, as has been shown for infections with Listeria monocytogenes and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Recent studies in experimental models of tuberculosis have demonstrated that prostaglandin E2 and interleukin-1 inhibit type I IFN expression and its downstream effects, demonstrating that a cross-regulatory network of cytokines operates during infectious diseases to provide protection with minimum damage to the host.

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Molecular mechanism and function of CD40/CD40L engagement in the immune system.

Christopher J. Benson, Yanxia Guo, Concepcion de-la-Rua … (2009)

During the generation of a successful adaptive immune response, multiple molecular signals are required. A primary signal is the binding of cognate antigen to an antigen receptor expressed by T and B lymphocytes. Multiple secondary signals involve the engagement of costimulatory molecules expressed by T and B lymphocytes with their respective ligands. Because of its essential role in immunity, one of the best characterized of the costimulatory molecules is the receptor CD40. This receptor, a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor family, is expressed by B cells, professional antigen-presenting cells, as well as non-immune cells and tumors. CD40 binds its ligand CD40L, which is transiently expressed on T cells and other non-immune cells under inflammatory conditions. A wide spectrum of molecular and cellular processes is regulated by CD40 engagement including the initiation and progression of cellular and humoral adaptive immunity. In this review, we describe the downstream signaling pathways initiated by CD40 and overview how CD40 engagement or antagonism modulates humoral and cellular immunity. Lastly, we discuss the role of CD40 as a target in harnessing anti-tumor immunity. This review underscores the essential role CD40 plays in adaptive immunity.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Romain Paillot: Role: Academic Editor

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Vaccines (Basel)

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Vaccines (Basel)

Journal ID (publisher-id): vaccines

Title: Vaccines

Publisher: MDPI

ISSN (Electronic): 2076-393X

Publication date (Electronic): 15 February 2021

Publication date Collection: February 2021

Volume: 9

Issue: 2

Electronic Location Identifier: 154

Affiliations

[1 ]National Centre for Animal and Plant Health (CENSA), OIE Collaborating Centre for Disaster Risk Reduction in Animal Health, San José de las Lajas 32700, Cuba; lcoronado@ 123456censa.edu.cu (L.C.); claura@ 123456censa.edu.cu (C.L.P.); mariat.frias@ 123456infomed.sld.cu (M.T.F.)

[2 ]Reiman Cancer Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, NB E2L 4L5, Canada; Liliam.rios@ 123456gmail.com

[3 ]Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Champaign, IL 61802, USA

Author notes

[* ]Correspondence: ljperez@ 123456illinois.edu

[†]

New Affiliation: Virus Discovery Group, Abbott Diagnostics, Abbott Park, IL 60064, USA.

Author information

María T. Frías https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2032-0330

Lester J. Pérez https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5717-5181

Article

Publisher ID: vaccines-09-00154

DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9020154

PMC ID: 7918945

PubMed ID: 33671909

SO-VID: 1d0a5b5f-dab6-4873-b742-a89624d2483d

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Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

A Critical Review about Different Vaccines against Classical Swine Fever Virus and Their Repercussions in Endemic Regions

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Abstract

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Vaccines

Most cited references 236

Nucleic acid detection with CRISPR-Cas13a/C2c2

Type I interferons in infectious disease.

Molecular mechanism and function of CD40/CD40L engagement in the immune system.

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