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      Debiasing Health-Related Judgments and Decision Making: A Systematic Review

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      Medical Decision Making
      SAGE Publications

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          Abstract

          Being confronted with uncertainty in the context of health-related judgments and decision making can give rise to the occurrence of systematic biases. These biases may detrimentally affect lay persons and health experts alike. Debiasing aims at mitigating these negative effects by eliminating or reducing the biases. However, little is known about its effectiveness. This study seeks to systematically review the research on health-related debiasing to identify new opportunities and challenges for successful debiasing strategies.

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          Most cited references72

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          Affective Forecasting. Knowing What to Want

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            Is Open Access

            Cognitive debiasing 1: origins of bias and theory of debiasing

            Numerous studies have shown that diagnostic failure depends upon a variety of factors. Psychological factors are fundamental in influencing the cognitive performance of the decision maker. In this first of two papers, we discuss the basics of reasoning and the Dual Process Theory (DPT) of decision making. The general properties of the DPT model, as it applies to diagnostic reasoning, are reviewed. A variety of cognitive and affective biases are known to compromise the decision-making process. They mostly appear to originate in the fast intuitive processes of Type 1 that dominate (or drive) decision making. Type 1 processes work well most of the time but they may open the door for biases. Removing or at least mitigating these biases would appear to be an important goal. We will also review the origins of biases. The consensus is that there are two major sources: innate, hard-wired biases that developed in our evolutionary past, and acquired biases established in the course of development and within our working environments. Both are associated with abbreviated decision making in the form of heuristics. Other work suggests that ambient and contextual factors may create high risk situations that dispose decision makers to particular biases. Fatigue, sleep deprivation and cognitive overload appear to be important determinants. The theoretical basis of several approaches towards debiasing is then discussed. All share a common feature that involves a deliberate decoupling from Type 1 intuitive processing and moving to Type 2 analytical processing so that eventually unexamined intuitive judgments can be submitted to verification. This decoupling step appears to be the critical feature of cognitive and affective debiasing.
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              Costs and benefits of judgment errors: Implications for debiasing.

              Hal Arkes (1991)
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Medical Decision Making
                Med Decis Making
                SAGE Publications
                0272-989X
                1552-681X
                July 08 2017
                January 2018
                June 25 2017
                January 2018
                : 38
                : 1
                : 3-13
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Institute of Communication and Health, Faculty of Communication Sciences, University of Lugano (Università della Svizzera italiana), Lugano, Switzerland (RL, PJS)
                Article
                10.1177/0272989X17716672
                28649904
                1d15c888-becf-42a1-96e6-386bdce57886
                © 2018

                http://journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license

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