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      Neuropeptides and Neurogenic Mechanisms in Oral and Periodontal Inflammation

      1 , 1
      Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine
      SAGE Publications

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          Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha7 subunit is an essential regulator of inflammation.

          Excessive inflammation and tumour-necrosis factor (TNF) synthesis cause morbidity and mortality in diverse human diseases including endotoxaemia, sepsis, rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease. Highly conserved, endogenous mechanisms normally regulate the magnitude of innate immune responses and prevent excessive inflammation. The nervous system, through the vagus nerve, can inhibit significantly and rapidly the release of macrophage TNF, and attenuate systemic inflammatory responses. This physiological mechanism, termed the 'cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway' has major implications in immunology and in therapeutics; however, the identity of the essential macrophage acetylcholine-mediated (cholinergic) receptor that responds to vagus nerve signals was previously unknown. Here we report that the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha7 subunit is required for acetylcholine inhibition of macrophage TNF release. Electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve inhibits TNF synthesis in wild-type mice, but fails to inhibit TNF synthesis in alpha7-deficient mice. Thus, the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha7 subunit is essential for inhibiting cytokine synthesis by the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway.
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            Series introduction: the transcription factor NF-kappaB and human disease.

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              Alternative RNA processing in calcitonin gene expression generates mRNAs encoding different polypeptide products.

              Alternative processing of RNA transcripts from the calcitonin gene results in the production of distinct mRNAs encoding the hormone calcitonin or a predicted product referred to as calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). The calcitonin mRNA predominates in the thyroid while the CGRP-specific mRNA appears to predominate in the hypothalamus. These observations lead us to propose a model in which developmental regulation of RNA processing is used to increase the diversity of neuroendocrine gene expression.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine
                Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine
                SAGE Publications
                1045-4411
                1544-1113
                December 2016
                March 2004
                December 2016
                March 2004
                : 15
                : 2
                : 82-98
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Oral Science Research Centre, School of Dentistry, Queen’s University Belfast, Grosvenor Road, Belfast BT12 6BP, Northern Ireland, UK;
                Article
                10.1177/154411130401500203
                15059944
                1d1c98bc-18be-4461-8637-8fcd43347311
                © 2004

                http://journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license

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