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      Difference in reproductive mode rather than ploidy explains niche differentiation in sympatric sexual and apomictic populations of Potentilla puberula

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          Abstract

          Apomicts tend to have larger geographical distributional ranges and to occur in ecologically more extreme environments than their sexual progenitors. However, the expression of apomixis is typically linked to polyploidy. Thus, it is a priori not clear whether intrinsic effects related to the change in the reproductive mode or rather in the ploidy drive ecological differentiation. We used sympatric sexual and apomictic populations of Potentilla puberula to test for ecological differentiation. To distinguish the effects of reproductive mode and ploidy on the ecology of cytotypes, we compared the niches (a) of sexuals (tetraploids) and autopolyploid apomicts (penta‐, hepta‐, and octoploids) and (b) of the three apomictic cytotypes. We based comparisons on a ploidy screen of 238 populations along a latitudinal transect through the Eastern European Alps and associated bioclimatic, and soil and topographic data. Sexual tetraploids preferred primary habitats at drier, steeper, more south‐oriented slopes, while apomicts mostly occurred in human‐made habitats with higher water availability. Contrariwise, we found no or only marginal ecological differentiation among the apomictic higher ploids. Based on the pronounced ecological differences found between sexuals and apomicts, in addition to the lack of niche differentiation among cytotypes of the same reproductive mode, we conclude that reproductive mode rather than ploidy is the main driver of the observed differences. Moreover, we compared our system with others from the literature, to stress the importance of identifying alternative confounding effects (such as hybrid origin). Finally, we underline the relevance of studying ecological parthenogenesis in sympatry, to minimize the effects of differential migration abilities.

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          Most cited references86

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          Evolution and Ecology of Species Range Limits

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            Polyploidy and genome evolution in plants.

            Genome doubling (polyploidy) has been and continues to be a pervasive force in plant evolution. Modern plant genomes harbor evidence of multiple rounds of past polyploidization events, often followed by massive silencing and elimination of duplicated genes. Recent studies have refined our inferences of the number and timing of polyploidy events and the impact of these events on genome structure. Many polyploids experience extensive and rapid genomic alterations, some arising with the onset of polyploidy. Survivorship of duplicated genes are differential across gene classes, with some duplicate genes more prone to retention than others. Recent theory is now supported by evidence showing that genes that are retained in duplicate typically diversify in function or undergo subfunctionalization. Polyploidy has extensive effects on gene expression, with gene silencing accompanying polyploid formation and continuing over evolutionary time.
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              THE GEOGRAPHIC RANGE: Size, Shape, Boundaries, and Internal Structure

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                flavia.d.nardi@gmail.com
                Journal
                Ecol Evol
                Ecol Evol
                10.1002/(ISSN)2045-7758
                ECE3
                Ecology and Evolution
                John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )
                2045-7758
                05 March 2019
                March 2019
                : 9
                : 6 ( doiID: 10.1002/ece3.2019.9.issue-6 )
                : 3588-3598
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] Department of Forest Genetics Austrian Research Centre for Forests Vienna Austria
                [ 2 ] Department of Conservation Biology, Vegetation Ecology and Landscape Ecology University of Vienna Vienna Austria
                [ 3 ] Department of Biosciences University of Salzburg Salzburg Austria
                [ 4 ] Institute of Botany University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna Austria
                Author notes
                [*] [* ] Correspondence

                Flavia Domizia Nardi, Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.

                Email: flavia.d.nardi@ 123456gmail.com

                [†]

                These authors contributed equally to this work.

                [‡]

                These authors jointly supervised this work.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9726-9019
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7548-3420
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5081-1675
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9274-1647
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8631-219X
                Article
                ECE34992
                10.1002/ece3.4992
                6434561
                1d72cbf2-31e6-44b2-a429-a05f55c3d6e4
                © 2019 The Authors. Ecology and Evolution published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

                This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 21 November 2018
                : 16 January 2019
                : 23 January 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 1, Pages: 11, Words: 25636
                Funding
                Funded by: Austrian Science Fund
                Award ID: P27688
                Categories
                Original Research
                Original Research
                Custom metadata
                2.0
                ece34992
                March 2019
                Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_NLMPMC version:5.6.2.1 mode:remove_FC converted:03.04.2019

                Evolutionary Biology
                apomixis,ecological differentiation,european alps,polyploidy,reproductive mode,sympatry

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