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      Recent Advances in Nanotechnology Applied to Biosensors

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          Abstract

          In recent years there has been great progress the application of nanomaterials in biosensors. The importance of these to the fundamental development of biosensors has been recognized. In particular, nanomaterials such as gold nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, magnetic nanoparticles and quantum dots have been being actively investigated for their applications in biosensors, which have become a new interdisciplinary frontier between biological detection and material science. Here we review some of the main advances in this field over the past few years, explore the application prospects, and discuss the issues, approaches, and challenges, with the aim of stimulating a broader interest in developing nanomaterial-based biosensors and improving their applications in disease diagnosis and food safety examination.

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          FRET imaging.

          Elizabeth A Jares-Erijman, Thomas M. Jovin (2003)
          Förster (or Fluorescence) Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) is unique in generating fluorescence signals sensitive to molecular conformation, association, and separation in the 1-10 nm range. We introduce a revised photophysical framework for the phenomenon and provide a systematic catalog of FRET techniques adapted to imaging systems, including new approaches proposed as suitable prospects for implementation. Applications extending from a single molecule to live cells will benefit from multidimensional microscopy techniques, particularly those adapted for optical sectioning and incorporating new algorithms for resolving the component contributions to images of complex molecular systems.
          Article 0 comments Cited 350 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Quantum-dot-tagged microbeads for multiplexed optical coding of biomolecules.

            Mingyong Han, Xiaohu Gao, Jack Z. Su … (2001)
            Multicolor optical coding for biological assays has been achieved by embedding different-sized quantum dots (zinc sulfide-capped cadmium selenide nanocrystals) into polymeric microbeads at precisely controlled ratios. Their novel optical properties (e.g., size-tunable emission and simultaneous excitation) render these highly luminescent quantum dots (QDs) ideal fluorophores for wavelength-and-intensity multiplexing. The use of 10 intensity levels and 6 colors could theoretically code one million nucleic acid or protein sequences. Imaging and spectroscopic measurements indicate that the QD-tagged beads are highly uniform and reproducible, yielding bead identification accuracies as high as 99.99% under favorable conditions. DNA hybridization studies demonstrate that the coding and target signals can be simultaneously read at the single-bead level. This spectral coding technology is expected to open new opportunities in gene expression studies, high-throughput screening, and medical diagnostics.
            Article 0 comments Cited 322 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Noncovalent functionalization of carbon nanotubes for highly specific electronic biosensors.

              Robert Chen, Sarunya Bangsaruntip, Katerina Drouvalakis … (2003)
              Novel nanomaterials for bioassay applications represent a rapidly progressing field of nanotechnology and nanobiotechnology. Here, we present an exploration of single-walled carbon nanotubes as a platform for investigating surface-protein and protein-protein binding and developing highly specific electronic biomolecule detectors. Nonspecific binding on nanotubes, a phenomenon found with a wide range of proteins, is overcome by immobilization of polyethylene oxide chains. A general approach is then advanced to enable the selective recognition and binding of target proteins by conjugation of their specific receptors to polyethylene oxide-functionalized nanotubes. This scheme, combined with the sensitivity of nanotube electronic devices, enables highly specific electronic sensors for detecting clinically important biomolecules such as antibodies associated with human autoimmune diseases.
              Article 0 comments Cited 190 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Sensors (Basel)
                Title: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
                Publisher: Molecular Diversity Preservation International (MDPI)
                ISSN (Electronic): 1424-8220
                Publication date Collection: 2009
                Publication date (Electronic): 17 February 2009
                Volume: 9
                Issue: 2
                Pages: 1033-1053
                Affiliations
                Department of Bio-Nano Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology of Ministry of Education, National Key Laboratory of Micro /Nano Fabrication Technology, Research Institute of Micro/Nano Science and Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P.R. China; E-Mails: zhangxueqing@ 123456gmail.com (X. Z.); guoqin1985@ 123456msn.com (G. Q)
                Author notes
                [* ]Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: dxcui@ 123456sjtu.edu.cn ; Tel.: +86-21-34206375; Fax: +86-21-34206886
                Article
                Publisher ID: sensors-09-01033
                DOI: 10.3390/s90201033
                PMC ID: 3280846
                PubMed ID: 22399954
                SO-VID: 1d916ab5-4623-4bdf-9ddb-23ca5bfd73d3
                Copyright © © 2009 by the authors; licensee Molecular Diversity Preservation International, Basel, Switzerland.
                License:

                This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

                History
                Date received : 8 December 2008
                Date revision received : 15 January 2009
                Date accepted : 16 January 2009
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Biomedical engineering
                Keywords: biosensor,carbon nanotubes,gold nanoparticle,quantum dots, magnetic nanoparticles,nanotechnology
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Biomedical engineering
                Keywords: biosensor, carbon nanotubes, gold nanoparticle, quantum dots, magnetic nanoparticles, nanotechnology

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