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      COVID-19 Pandemic Trajectory: Challenges and Opportunities for India

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          Abstract

          The COVID-19 pandemic exemplified how an urban health risk can rapidly spread to become a global health emergency. Throughout history, cities have been the sites of infectious disease outbreaks that present unique challenges to those leading response, as was evident in Ebola, SARS, MERS, and presently, the COVID-19. As the opening chapter of this present volume this chapter takes the role to present the detailed trajectory of the present pandemic. In the introductory section, we tried to portray the present pandemic as a member in the chain of evidences where the spillover of the virus from the animals to humans invited the health emergency situation. We tried to present a vivid discussion about the propagation of the disease epicenter. And, the last section of the chapter is devoted to explore the opportunities arising out of this pandemic, especially for the developing nations for whom India is a representative.

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          Spatial Epidemiology: Current Approaches and Future Challenges

          Paul Elliott, Daniel Wartenberg (2004)
          Spatial epidemiology is the description and analysis of geographic variations in disease with respect to demographic, environmental, behavioral, socioeconomic, genetic, and infectious risk factors. We focus on small-area analyses, encompassing disease mapping, geographic correlation studies, disease clusters, and clustering. Advances in geographic information systems, statistical methodology, and availability of high-resolution, geographically referenced health and environmental quality data have created unprecedented new opportunities to investigate environmental and other factors in explaining local geographic variations in disease. They also present new challenges. Problems include the large random component that may predominate disease rates across small areas. Though this can be dealt with appropriately using Bayesian statistics to provide smooth estimates of disease risks, sensitivity to detect areas at high risk is limited when expected numbers of cases are small. Potential biases and confounding, particularly due to socioeconomic factors, and a detailed understanding of data quality are important. Data errors can result in large apparent disease excess in a locality. Disease cluster reports often arise nonsystematically because of media, physician, or public concern. One ready means of investigating such concerns is the replication of analyses in different areas based on routine data, as is done in the United Kingdom through the Small Area Health Statistics Unit (and increasingly in other European countries, e.g., through the European Health and Environment Information System collaboration). In the future, developments in exposure modeling and mapping, enhanced study designs, and new methods of surveillance of large health databases promise to improve our ability to understand the complex relationships of environment to health.
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            History in a Crisis — Lessons for Covid-19

            David S. Jones (2020)
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              COVID-19 reveals the systemic nature of urban health globally

              Franz Gatzweiler, Bojie Fu, Céline Rozenblat … (2020)
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Mukunda Mishra: mukundamishra01@gmail.com
                R. B. Singh: rbsgeo@hotmail.com
                R. B. Singh:
                ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8625-4305
                rbsgeo@hotmail.com
                Bio :
                R. B. Singh

                is the Former Professor of Geography at the Delhi School of Economics, University of Delhi; the Secretary General and Treasurer of the International Geographical Union (IGU); the chair of Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)–Central Food Technological Research Institute of the Government of India, and a member of the International Council for Science (ICSU) and the scientific committee of Urban Health and Well-Being. He was awarded the prestigious Japan Society for the Promotion of Scientific Research Fellowship and has presented papers and chaired sessions in more than 40 countries. He has published 15 books, 40 edited research volumes, and more than 215 research papers.

                Mukunda Mishra:
                ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7039-9043
                mukundamishra01@gmail.com
                Bio :
                Mukunda Mishra

                is an Assistant Professor and the designated Vice Principal of Dr. Meghnad Saha College in West Bengal, India. Dr. Mishra completed his postgraduate studies in Geography and Environmental Management at Vidyasagar University by securing the top rank in both the B.Sc. and M.Sc. panels of merit. He was awarded a Ph.D. in Geography from the same University. He was selected for the prestigious National Merit Scholarship by the Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India. His research chiefly focuses on analyzing unequal human development and on creating multi-criteria predictive models.

                Journal
                Journal ID (publisher-id): 978-981-33-6440-0
                Journal ID (doi): 10.1007/978-981-33-6440-0
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): COVID-19 Pandemic Trajectory in the Developing World
                Title: COVID-19 Pandemic Trajectory in the Developing World
                Subtitle: Exploring the Changing Environmental and Economic Milieus in India
                ISBN (Print): 978-981-33-6439-4
                ISBN (Electronic): 978-981-33-6440-0
                Publication date (Electronic): 29 December 2020
                Publication date Collection: 2021
                Pages: 3-34
                Affiliations
                [2 ]Department of Geography, Dr. Meghnad Saha College, Itahar, West Bengal India
                [3 ]GRID grid.8195.5, ISNI 0000 0001 2109 4999, Department of Geography, , University of Delhi, ; New Delhi, Delhi India
                [4 ]GRID grid.8195.5, ISNI 0000 0001 2109 4999, Department of Geography, Delhi School of Economics, , University of Delhi, ; New Delhi, India
                [5 ]Dr. Meghnad Saha College, Itahar, Uttar Dinajpur, West Bengal India
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8625-4305
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7039-9043
                Article
                Publisher ID: 1
                DOI: 10.1007/978-981-33-6440-0_1
                PMC ID: 7981507
                SO-VID: 1d970f24-42a4-4920-84ad-63a0392e634f
                Copyright © © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021
                License:

                This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.

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                Subject: Article
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                issue-copyright-statement © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021

                Keywords: spillover,urban health emergency,economic shock,stigma,who regions
                Data availability:
                Keywords: spillover, urban health emergency, economic shock, stigma, who regions

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