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The genome sequence of taurine cattle: a window to ruminant biology and evolution.
Christine G Elsik ,
Ross L Tellam ,
Kim C Worley ,
Richard A Gibbs ,
Donna M Muzny ,
George M Weinstock ,
David L Adelson ,
Evan E Eichler ,
Laura Elnitski ,
Roderic Guigó ,
Debora L Hamernik ,
Steve M Kappes ,
Harris A Lewin ,
David J Lynn ,
Frank W Nicholas ,
Alexandre Reymond ,
Monique Rijnkels ,
Loren C Skow ,
Evgeny M Zdobnov ,
Lawrence Schook ,
James Womack ,
Tyler Alioto ,
Stylianos E Antonarakis ,
Alex Astashyn ,
Charles E Chapple ,
Hsiu-Chuan Chen ,
Jacqueline Chrast ,
Francisco Câmara ,
Olga Ermolaeva ,
Charlotte N Henrichsen ,
Wratko Hlavina ,
Yuri Kapustin ,
Boris Kiryutin ,
Paul Kitts ,
Felix Kokocinski ,
Melissa Landrum ,
Donna Maglott ,
Kim Pruitt ,
Victor Sapojnikov ,
Stephen M Searle ,
Victor Solovyev ,
Alexandre Souvorov ,
Catherine Ucla ,
Carine Wyss ,
Juan M Anzola ,
Daniel Gerlach ,
Eran Elhaik ,
Dan Graur ,
Justin T Reese ,
Robert C Edgar ,
John C McEwan ,
Gemma M Payne ,
Joy M Raison ,
Thomas Junier ,
Evgenia V Kriventseva ,
Eduardo Eyras ,
Mireya Plass ,
Ravikiran Donthu ,
Denis M Larkin ,
James Reecy ,
Mary Q Yang ,
Lin Chen ,
Ze Cheng ,
Carol G Chitko-McKown ,
George E Liu ,
Lakshmi K Matukumalli ,
Jiuzhou Song ,
Bin Zhu ,
Daniel G Bradley ,
Fiona S L Brinkman ,
Lilian P L Lau ,
Matthew D Whiteside ,
Angela Walker ,
Thomas T Wheeler ,
Theresa Casey ,
J Bruce German ,
Danielle G Lemay ,
Nauman J Maqbool ,
Adrian J Molenaar ,
Seongwon Seo ,
Paul Stothard ,
Cynthia L Baldwin ,
Rebecca Baxter ,
Candice L Brinkmeyer-Langford ,
Wendy C Brown ,
Christopher P Childers ,
Timothy Connelley ,
Shirley A Ellis ,
Krista Fritz ,
Elizabeth J Glass ,
Carolyn T A Herzig ,
Antti Iivanainen ,
Kevin K Lahmers ,
Anna K Bennett ,
C Michael Dickens ,
James G R Gilbert ,
Darren E Hagen ,
Hanni Salih ,
Jan Aerts ,
Alexandre R Caetano ,
Brian Dalrymple ,
Jose Fernando Garcia ,
Clare A Gill ,
Stefan G Hiendleder ,
Erdogan Memili ,
Diane Spurlock ,
John L Williams ,
Lee Alexander ,
Michael J Brownstein ,
Leluo Guan ,
Robert A Holt ,
Steven J M Jones ,
Marco A Marra ,
Richard Moore ,
Stephen S Moore ,
Andy Roberts ,
Masaaki Taniguchi ,
Richard C Waterman ,
Joseph Chacko ,
Mimi M Chandrabose ,
Andy Cree ,
Marvin Diep Dao ,
Huyen H Dinh ,
Ramatu Ayiesha Gabisi ,
Sandra Hines ,
Jennifer Hume ,
Shalini N Jhangiani ,
Vandita Joshi ,
Christie L Kovar ,
Lora R Lewis ,
Yih-Shin Liu ,
John Lopez ,
Margaret B Morgan ,
Ngoc Bich Nguyen ,
Geoffrey O Okwuonu ,
San Juana Ruiz ,
Jireh Santibanez ,
Rita A Wright ,
Christian Buhay ,
Yan Ding ,
Shannon Dugan-Rocha ,
Judith Herdandez ,
Michael Holder ,
Aniko Sabo ,
Amy Egan ,
Jason Goodell ,
Katarzyna Wilczek-Boney ,
Gerald R Fowler ,
Matthew Edward Hitchens ,
Ryan J Lozado ,
Charles Moen ,
David Steffen ,
James T Warren ,
Jingkun Zhang ,
Readman Chiu ,
Jacqueline E Schein ,
K James Durbin ,
Paul Havlak ,
Huaiyang Jiang ,
Yue Liu ,
Xiang Qin ,
Yanru Ren ,
Yufeng Shen ,
Henry Song ,
Stephanie Nicole Bell ,
Clay Davis ,
Angela Jolivet Johnson ,
Sandra Lee ,
Lynne V Nazareth ,
Bella Mayurkumar Patel ,
Ling-Ling Pu ,
Selina Vattathil ,
Rex Lee Williams ,
Stacey Curry ,
Cerissa Hamilton ,
Erica Sodergren ,
David A Wheeler ,
Wes Barris ,
Gary L Bennett ,
André Eggen ,
Ronnie D Green ,
Gregory P Harhay ,
Matthew Hobbs ,
Oliver Jann ,
John W Keele ,
Matthew P Kent ,
Sigbjørn Lien ,
Stephanie D McKay ,
Sean McWilliam ,
Abhirami Ratnakumar ,
Robert D Schnabel ,
Timothy Smith ,
Warren M Snelling ,
Tad S Sonstegard ,
Roger T Stone ,
Yoshikazu Sugimoto ,
Akiko Takasuga ,
Jeremy F Taylor ,
Curtis P Van Tassell ,
Michael D Macneil ,
Antonio R R Abatepaulo ,
Colette A Abbey ,
Virpi Ahola ,
Iassudara G Almeida ,
Ariel F Amadio ,
Elen Anatriello ,
Suria M Bahadue ,
Fernando H Biase ,
Clayton R Boldt ,
Jeffery A Carroll ,
Wanessa A Carvalho ,
Eliane P Cervelatti ,
Elsa Chacko ,
Jennifer E Chapin ,
Ye Cheng ,
Jungwoo Choi ,
Adam J Colley ,
Tatiana A de Campos ,
Marcos De Donato ,
Isabel K F de Miranda Santos ,
Carlo J F de Oliveira ,
Heather Deobald ,
Eve Devinoy ,
Kaitlin E Donohue ,
Peter Dovc ,
Annett Eberlein ,
Carolyn J Fitzsimmons ,
Alessandra M Franzin ,
Gustavo R Garcia ,
Sem Genini ,
Cody J Gladney ,
Jason R Grant ,
Marion L Greaser ,
Jonathan A Green ,
Darryl L Hadsell ,
Hatam A Hakimov ,
Rob Halgren ,
Jennifer L Harrow ,
Elizabeth A Hart ,
Nicola Hastings ,
Marta Hernandez ,
Zhi-Liang Hu ,
Aaron Ingham ,
Terhi Iso-Touru ,
Catherine Jamis ,
Kirsty Jensen ,
Dimos Kapetis ,
Tovah Kerr ,
Sari S Khalil ,
Hasan Khatib ,
Davood Kolbehdari ,
Charu G Kumar ,
Dinesh Kumar ,
Richard Leach ,
Justin C-M Lee ,
Changxi Li ,
Krystin M Logan ,
Roberto Malinverni ,
Elisa Marques ,
William F Martin ,
Natalia F Martins ,
Sandra R Maruyama ,
Raffaele Mazza ,
Kim L McLean ,
Juan F Medrano ,
Barbara T Moreno ,
Daniela D Moré ,
Carl T Muntean ,
Hari P Nandakumar ,
Marcelo F G Nogueira ,
Ingrid Olsaker ,
Sameer D Pant ,
Francesca Panzitta ,
Rosemeire C P Pastor ,
Mario A Poli ,
Nathan Poslusny ,
Satyanarayana Rachagani ,
Shoba Ranganathan ,
Andrej Razpet ,
Penny K Riggs ,
Gonzalo Rincon ,
Nelida Rodriguez-Osorio ,
Sandra L Rodriguez-Zas ,
Natasha E Romero ,
Anne Rosenwald ,
Lillian Sando ,
Sheila M Schmutz ,
Libing Shen ,
Laura Sherman ,
Bruce R Southey ,
Ylva Strandberg Lutzow ,
Jonathan V Sweedler ,
Imke Tammen ,
Bhanu Prakash V L Telugu ,
Jennifer M Urbanski ,
Yuri T Utsunomiya ,
Chris P Verschoor ,
Ashley J Waardenberg ,
Zhiquan Wang ,
Robert Ward ,
Rosemarie Weikard ,
Thomas H Welsh ,
Stephen N White ,
Laurens G Wilming ,
Kris R Wunderlich ,
Jianqi Yang ,
Feng-Qi Zhao
Apr 24 2009
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Abstract
To understand the biology and evolution of ruminants, the cattle genome was sequenced to about sevenfold coverage. The cattle genome contains a minimum of 22,000 genes, with a core set of 14,345 orthologs shared among seven mammalian species of which 1217 are absent or undetected in noneutherian (marsupial or monotreme) genomes. Cattle-specific evolutionary breakpoint regions in chromosomes have a higher density of segmental duplications, enrichment of repetitive elements, and species-specific variations in genes associated with lactation and immune responsiveness. Genes involved in metabolism are generally highly conserved, although five metabolic genes are deleted or extensively diverged from their human orthologs. The cattle genome sequence thus provides a resource for understanding mammalian evolution and accelerating livestock genetic improvement for milk and meat production.