Spatiotemporal Changes in Fine Particulate Matter Pollution and the Associated Mortality Burden in China between 2015 and 2016

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Abstract

In recent years, research on the spatiotemporal distribution and health effects of fine particulate matter (PM _2.5) has been conducted in China. However, the limitations of different research scopes and methods have led to low comparability between regions regarding the mortality burden of PM _2.5. A kriging model was used to simulate the distribution of PM _2.5 in 2015 and 2016. Relative risk (RR) at a specified PM _2.5 exposure concentration was estimated with an integrated exposure–response (IER) model for different causes of mortality: lung cancer (LC), ischaemic heart disease (IHD), cerebrovascular disease (stroke) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The population attributable fraction (PAF) was adopted to estimate deaths attributed to PM _2.5. 72.02% of cities experienced decreases in PM _2.5 from 2015 to 2016. Due to the overall decrease in the PM _2.5 concentration, the total number of deaths decreased by approximately 10,658 per million in 336 cities, including a decrease of 1400, 1836, 6312 and 1110 caused by LC, IHD, stroke and COPD, respectively. Our results suggest that the overall PM _2.5 concentration and PM _2.5-related deaths exhibited decreasing trends in China, although air quality in local areas has deteriorated. To improve air pollution control strategies, regional PM _2.5 concentrations and trends should be fully considered.

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Air Pollution in China: Mapping of Concentrations and Sources

Robert Rohde, Richard A. Muller (2015)

China has recently made available hourly air pollution data from over 1500 sites, including airborne particulate matter (PM), SO2, NO2, and O3. We apply Kriging interpolation to four months of data to derive pollution maps for eastern China. Consistent with prior findings, the greatest pollution occurs in the east, but significant levels are widespread across northern and central China and are not limited to major cities or geologic basins. Sources of pollution are widespread, but are particularly intense in a northeast corridor that extends from near Shanghai to north of Beijing. During our analysis period, 92% of the population of China experienced >120 hours of unhealthy air (US EPA standard), and 38% experienced average concentrations that were unhealthy. China’s population-weighted average exposure to PM2.5 was 52 μg/m3. The observed air pollution is calculated to contribute to 1.6 million deaths/year in China [0.7–2.2 million deaths/year at 95% confidence], roughly 17% of all deaths in China.

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Covariance Tapering for Interpolation of Large Spatial Datasets

Reinhard Furrer, Marc G Genton, Douglas Nychka (2006)

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Air pollution characteristics and their relation to meteorological conditions during 2014-2015 in major Chinese cities.

Jianjun He, Sunling GONG, Ye Yu … (2017)

In January 2013, the real-time hourly average concentrations of six pollutants (CO, NO2, O3, PM10, PM2.5 and SO2) based on data from air quality monitoring stations in major Chinese cities were released to the public. That report provided a good opportunity to publicise nationwide temporal and spatial pollution characteristics. Although several studies systematically investigated the temporal and spatial trends of pollutant concentrations, the relation between air pollution and multi-scale meteorological conditions and their spatial variations on a nationwide scale remain unclear. This study analysed the air pollution characteristics and their relation to multi-scale meteorological conditions during 2014-2015 in 31 provincial capital cities in China. The annual average concentrations of six pollutants for 31 provincial capital cities were 1.2 mg m-3, 42.4 μg m-3, 49.0 μg m-3, 109.8 μg m-3, 63.7 μg m-3, and 32.6 μg m-3 in 2014. The annual average concentrations decreased 5.3%, 4.9%, 11.4%, 12.0% and 21.5% for CO, NO2, PM10, PM2.5 and SO2, respectively, but increased 7.4% for O3 in 2015. The highest rate of a major pollutant over China was PM2.5 followed by PM10, O3, NO2, SO2 and CO. Meteorological conditions were the primary factor determining day-to-day variations in pollutant concentrations, explaining more than 70% of the variance of daily average pollutant concentrations over China. Meteorological conditions in 2015 were more adverse for pollutant dispersion than in 2014, indicating that the improvement in air quality was caused by emission controls.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Environ Res Public Health

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Int J Environ Res Public Health

Journal ID (publisher-id): ijerph

Title: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

Publisher: MDPI

ISSN (Print): 1661-7827

ISSN (Electronic): 1660-4601

Publication date (Electronic): 30 October 2017

Publication date (Print): November 2017

Volume: 14

Issue: 11

Electronic Location Identifier: 1321

Affiliations

[1 ]School of Resources and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China; lwfeng@ 123456whu.edu.cn (L.F.); renfu@ 123456whu.edu.cn (F.R.)

[2 ]Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; yeb@ 123456whu.edu.cn (B.Y.); 2017203050003@ 123456whu.edu.cn (H.F.); 2017283050055@ 123456whu.edu.cn (S.H.); XiaotongZhang@ 123456whu.edu.cn (X.Z.); Yun-quanZhang@ 123456whu.edu.cn (Y.Z.)

[3 ]Key Laboratory of GIS, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China

[4 ]Key Laboratory of Digital Mapping and Land Information Application Engineering, National Administration of Surveying, Mapping and Geoinformation, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China

[5 ]Collaborative Innovation Center of Geospatial Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China

[6 ]Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, 8 Donghunan Road, Wuhan 430072, China

Author notes

[* ]Correspondence: qydu@ 123456whu.edu.cn (Q.D.); malu@ 123456whu.edu.cn (L.M.); Tel.: +86-27-8766-4557 (Q.D.); +86-27-6875-8815 (L.M.)

[†]

Luwei Feng and Bo Ye contributed equally to this paper.

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Yunquan Zhang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2618-5088

Lu Ma https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4735-6974

Article

Publisher ID: ijerph-14-01321

DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14111321

PMC ID: 5707960

PubMed ID: 29084175

SO-VID: 1da16338-cdc1-4b3e-909e-756a417f17b7

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Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Spatiotemporal Changes in Fine Particulate Matter Pollution and the Associated Mortality Burden in China between 2015 and 2016

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Chinese Journal of School Health

Most cited references 44

Air Pollution in China: Mapping of Concentrations and Sources

Covariance Tapering for Interpolation of Large Spatial Datasets

Air pollution characteristics and their relation to meteorological conditions during 2014-2015 in major Chinese cities.

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