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      Early enrichment effects on brain development in hatchery-reared Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): no evidence for a critical period

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          Neural consequences of environmental enrichment.

          Neuronal plasticity is a central theme of modern neurobiology, from cellular and molecular mechanisms of synapse formation in Drosophila to behavioural recovery from strokes in elderly humans. Although the methods used to measure plastic responses differ, the stimuli required to elicit plasticity are thought to be activity-dependent. In this article, we focus on the neuronal changes that occur in response to complex stimulation by an enriched environment. We emphasize the behavioural and neurobiological consequences of specific elements of enrichment, especially exercise and learning.
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            Phenotypic flexibility and the evolution of organismal design

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              Speed-accuracy tradeoffs in animal decision making.

              The traditional emphasis when measuring performance in animal cognition has been overwhelmingly on accuracy, independent of decision time. However, more recently, it has become clear that tradeoffs exist between decision speed and accuracy in many ecologically relevant tasks, for example, prey and predator detection and identification; pollinators choosing between flower species; and spatial exploration strategies. Obtaining high-quality information often increases sampling time, especially under noisy conditions. Here we discuss the mechanisms generating such speed-accuracy tradeoffs, their implications for animal decision making (including signalling, communication and mate choice) and the significance of differences in decision strategies among species, populations and individuals. The ecological relevance of such tradeoffs can be better understood by considering the neuronal mechanisms underlying decision-making processes.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
                Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.
                Canadian Science Publishing
                0706-652X
                1205-7533
                September 2012
                September 2012
                : 69
                : 9
                : 1481-1490
                Affiliations
                [1 ]University of Gothenburg, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Box 463, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
                [2 ]Technical University of Denmark (DTU), National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Vejlsøvej 39, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark.
                [3 ]Danish Centre for Wild Salmon, Brusgårdsvej 15, DK-8960 Randers SØ, Denmark.
                Article
                10.1139/f2012-074
                1daf125e-c217-4a61-8111-2c95def4cdf6
                © 2012

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