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      The Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness (MAIA)

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          Abstract

          This paper describes the development of a multidimensional self-report measure of interoceptive body awareness. The systematic mixed-methods process involved reviewing the current literature, specifying a multidimensional conceptual framework, evaluating prior instruments, developing items, and analyzing focus group responses to scale items by instructors and patients of body awareness-enhancing therapies. Following refinement by cognitive testing, items were field-tested in students and instructors of mind-body approaches. Final item selection was achieved by submitting the field test data to an iterative process using multiple validation methods, including exploratory cluster and confirmatory factor analyses, comparison between known groups, and correlations with established measures of related constructs. The resulting 32-item multidimensional instrument assesses eight concepts. The psychometric properties of these final scales suggest that the Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness (MAIA) may serve as a starting point for research and further collaborative refinement.

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          Most cited references61

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          Theoretical perspectives on the relation between catastrophizing and pain.

          The tendency to "catastrophize" during painful stimulation contributes to more intense pain experience and increased emotional distress. Catastrophizing has been broadly conceived as an exaggerated negative "mental set" brought to bear during painful experiences. Although findings have been consistent in showing a relation between catastrophizing and pain, research in this area has proceeded in the relative absence of a guiding theoretical framework. This article reviews the literature on the relation between catastrophizing and pain and examines the relative strengths and limitations of different theoretical models that could be advanced to account for the pattern of available findings. The article evaluates the explanatory power of a schema activation model, an appraisal model, an attention model, and a communal coping model of pain perception. It is suggested that catastrophizing might best be viewed from the perspective of hierarchical levels of analysis, where social factors and social goals may play a role in the development and maintenance of catastrophizing, whereas appraisal-related processes may point to the mechanisms that link catastrophizing to pain experience. Directions for future research are suggested.
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            Construct validity in psychological tests.

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              Meditation experience is associated with increased cortical thickness.

              Previous research indicates that long-term meditation practice is associated with altered resting electroencephalogram patterns, suggestive of long lasting changes in brain activity. We hypothesized that meditation practice might also be associated with changes in the brain's physical structure. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to assess cortical thickness in 20 participants with extensive Insight meditation experience, which involves focused attention to internal experiences. Brain regions associated with attention, interoception and sensory processing were thicker in meditation participants than matched controls, including the prefrontal cortex and right anterior insula. Between-group differences in prefrontal cortical thickness were most pronounced in older participants, suggesting that meditation might offset age-related cortical thinning. Finally, the thickness of two regions correlated with meditation experience. These data provide the first structural evidence for experience-dependent cortical plasticity associated with meditation practice.

                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, USA )
                1932-6203
                2012
                1 November 2012
                : 7
                : 11
                : e48230
                Affiliations
                [1 ]University of California San Francisco, Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
                [2 ]University of Washington, Biobehavioral Nursing and Health Systems, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
                [3 ]University of California San Francisco, Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, San Francisco, California, United States of America
                [4 ]University of California San Francisco, Institute for Health & Aging, Center for Aging in Diverse Communities, San Francisco, California, United States of America
                Royal Holloway, University of London, United Kingdom
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Conceived and designed the experiments: WM CP JD AS. Performed the experiments: WM CP JD MA EB AS. Analyzed the data: WM CP JD MA EB AS. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: WM CP JD MA EB AS. Wrote the paper: WM CP JD MA EB AS.

                Article
                PONE-D-12-16026
                10.1371/journal.pone.0048230
                3486814
                23133619
                1dc72836-087c-4099-a9fb-a8ae9764953e
                Copyright @ 2012

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 1 June 2012
                : 24 September 2012
                Page count
                Pages: 22
                Funding
                This research was supported by National Institutes of Health (NIH) grants K23-AT002298 and R21-AT004467 awarded to WM, K01AT004199 awarded to JD, K01AT003459 awarded to CK from the National Center For Complementary & Alternative Medicine (NCCAM). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Medicine
                Clinical Research Design
                Survey Research
                Complementary and Alternative Medicine
                Epidemiology
                Survey Methods
                Mental Health
                Psychology
                Behavior
                Emotions
                Personality
                Psychological Stress
                Psychometrics
                Sensory Perception
                Social and Behavioral Sciences
                Psychology
                Behavior
                Emotions
                Therapies
                Psychotherapy
                Clinical Psychology
                Neuropsychology
                Psychological Stress
                Psychometrics
                Sensory Perception

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                Uncategorized

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