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      Participatory evaluation of groundnut planting methods for pre-harvest aflatoxin management in Eastern Province of Zambia

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          Abstract

          Aflatoxin contamination remains a major challenge for smallholder groundnut producers in Southern Africa. This is compounded by the stringent aflatoxin regulatory regimes in the lucrative international markets that continue to deny groundnuts produced in this region the access to markets. Participatory on-farm experiments were carried in 2016 and 2017 in Chinkhombe (Katete) and Kalichero (Chipata), and on-station trials at Mount Makulu Central Research Station (Chilanga) to evaluate the efficacy of groundnut planting methods: planting in double rows, single rows, tied ridges and on flatbeds, for pre-harvest aflatoxin management. Planting on flatbeds (no ridges), a popular planting method in most parts of Zambia was designated as the baseline. Significantly low ( p < 0.05) levels of aflatoxin, (10.3 ± 3.1 μg/kg) were recorded in the groundnuts planted on tied ridges, and less than 22% of these had aflatoxin levels above the Zambia regulatory limit of 10 μg/kg, compared to more than 40% in other methods. Except for double rows, significantly higher pod yield, 1193 kg/ha, was recorded in groundnuts planted on tied ridges compared to other pre-harvest management options. A reduction of 37 and 81% in aflatoxin contamination was observed in groundnuts planted on single rows and tied ridges, respectively compared to an increase of 39.2% in double rows above 54.3 ± 10.9 μg/kg recorded in flatbeds. In addition, tied ridging was observed to improve plant vigour, lower disease incidence, insect pest and weed infestation. It is clear that the evaluation of these practices on-farm enabled more farmers to be more aware of the effects of these methods and get motivated to adopt them. It is thus imperative that participatory on-farm evaluations of existing aflatoxin management options are carried out as they are an essential step in influencing adoption and uptake of pre-harvest management control methods among smallholder farmers.

          Abstract

          La contamination par les aflatoxines est un défi majeur pour les petits producteurs d’arachide d’Afrique australe. À cela s’ajoutent les régimes réglementaires très stricts en matière d’aflatoxines appliqués sur les lucratifs marchés internationaux, qui continuent de refuser l’accès à ces marchés aux arachides produites dans cette région. Des expériences participatives ont été menées en 2016 et 2017 avec les paysans de Chinkhombe (Katete) et Kalichero (Chipata), et des essais en station à la station de recherche centrale du Mont Makulu (Chilanga) pour évaluer l’efficacité de plusieurs méthodes de plantation d’arachide : plantation en rangées doubles, en rangées simples, en billons cloisonnés et à plat, afin d’essayer de limiter les aflatoxines avant la récolte. La plantation à plat (sans billons), une méthode de plantation populaire dans la plupart des régions de la Zambie, a été choisie comme référence. Des niveaux significativement faibles ( p < 0,05) d’aflatoxines (10,3 ± 3,1 μg/kg) ont été enregistrés dans les arachides plantées sur des billons cloisonnés, et moins de 22 % d’entre elles présentaient des niveaux d’aflatoxines supérieurs aux limites réglementaires de 10 μg/kg en Zambie, comparé à plus de 40 % avec les autres méthodes. À l’exception des rangées doubles, des rendements en gousses significativement plus élevés (1193 kg/ha) ont été enregistrés sur les billons cloisonnés, par rapport aux autres méthodes. Une réduction de 37 et 81 % de la contamination par les aflatoxines a été observée dans les arachides plantées en rangées simples et sur des billons cloisonnés, respectivement, comparativement à une augmentation de 39,2 % pour les rangées doubles, au-dessus des 54,3 ± 10,9 μg/kg observés dans la culture à plat. En outre, il a été observé que les billons cloisonnés amélioraient la vigueur des plantes, réduisaient les maladies, les insectes et les mauvaises herbes. Il est clair que l’évaluation de ces pratiques dans leurs propres champs a permis à davantage d’agriculteurs d’être plus conscients des effets de ces méthodes et de se motiver pour les adopter. Il est donc nécessaire que des évaluations participatives des diverses pratiques de limitation des aflatoxines soient effectuées, car elles constituent une étape essentielle dans l’adoption de ces pratiques culturales en Zambie.

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          Rural food security, subsistence agriculture, and seasonality

          Many of the world’s food-insecure and undernourished people are smallholder farmers in developing countries. This is especially true in Africa. There is an urgent need to make smallholder agriculture and food systems more nutrition-sensitive. African farm households are known to consume a sizeable part of what they produce at home. Less is known about how much subsistence agriculture actually contributes to household diets, and how this contribution changes seasonally. We use representative data from rural Ethiopia covering every month of one full year to address this knowledge gap. On average, subsistence production accounts for 58% of rural households’ calorie consumption, that is, 42% of the calories consumed are from purchased foods. Some seasonal variation occurs. During the lean season, purchased foods account for more than half of all calories consumed. But even during the main harvest and post-harvest season, purchased foods contribute more than one-third to total calorie consumption. Markets are even more important for dietary quality. During all seasons, purchased foods play a much larger role for dietary diversity than subsistence production. These findings suggest that strengthening rural markets needs to be a key element in strategies to improve food security and dietary quality in the African small-farm sector.
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            Organic Foods

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              Review on pre- and post-harvest management of peanuts to minimize aflatoxin contamination

                Author and article information

                Journal
                Cahiers Agricultures
                Cah. Agric.
                EDP Sciences
                1166-7699
                1777-5949
                2019
                March 12 2019
                2019
                : 28
                : 1
                Article
                10.1051/cagri/2019002
                1dd08458-4a9e-4a61-9cc2-2fc925cd7109
                © 2019

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0

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