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      Aspectos microbiológicos en el diagnóstico de infecciones del tracto urinario Translated title: Microbiological aspects in the diagnosis of urinary tract infections

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          Abstract

          Introducción: Las infecciones del tracto urinario (ITU) se encuentran entre las causas de consulta ambulatoria y de urgencias más frecuentes. La ausencia de pautas y consenso para el diagnóstico dadas por el laboratorio de microbiología puede dificultar la obtención de datos relevantes y confiables sobre los hallazgos microbiológicos y retrasar la toma de conductas clínicas apropiadas. Objetivo: Elaborar un algoritmo de decisión en ITU basado en la evidencia actual para el procesamiento de la muestra de orina, que incluye desde la recolección, el transporte y almacenamiento hasta su cultivo, con el fin de generar una directriz desde el laboratorio para la correcta toma de decisiones del médico. Metodología: Se lleva a cabo una búsqueda en la literatura y el concepto de expertos en Microbiología e Infectología basada en la revisión de las referencias bibliográficas disponibles en los términos de búsqueda relacionados, haciendo énfasis en estudios locales. Resultados: Se generaron recomendaciones para el diagnóstico por el laboratorio de las ITU en Colombia, que incluyen recolección, almacenamiento y transporte, siembra y pruebas de susceptibilidad antimicrobiana.

          Translated abstract

          Background: Urinary tract infections (UTI) are one of the most frequent reasons for consultation in outpatient and emergency settings. The absence of guidelines and consensus from the microbiology laboratory for the diagnosis of UTI may affect the relevance and reliability of the results and delay the physician's treatment determination. Objective: To creat e an algorithm for the laboratory diagnosis of UTI in Colombia based on current evidence, in order to provide recommendations regarding sample collection, storage, transport and processing and to provide guidance for physicians' decision making. Methods: We reviewed the current standards and guidelines for the diagnosis of UTI and considered comments from microbiology and infectious disease experts based on a literature search using relevant search terms and emphasizing local studies. Results: We generated recommendations for collecting samples, storage, transport, culture and susceptibility testing for the reliable diagnosis of UTI in patients in Colombia.

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          Most cited references39

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          EUCAST expert rules in antimicrobial susceptibility testing.

          EUCAST expert rules have been developed to assist clinical microbiologists and describe actions to be taken in response to specific antimicrobial susceptibility test results. They include recommendations on reporting, such as inferring susceptibility to other agents from results with one, suppression of results that may be inappropriate, and editing of results from susceptible to intermediate or resistant or from intermediate to resistant on the basis of an inferred resistance mechanism. They are based on current clinical and/or microbiological evidence. EUCAST expert rules also include intrinsic resistance phenotypes and exceptional resistance phenotypes, which have not yet been reported or are very rare. The applicability of EUCAST expert rules depends on the MIC breakpoints used to define the rules. Setting appropriate clinical breakpoints, based on treating patients and not on the detection of resistance mechanisms, may lead to modification of some expert rules in the future. © 2011 The Authors. Clinical Microbiology and Infection © 2011 European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.
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            A Guide to Utilization of the Microbiology Laboratory for Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases: 2013 Recommendations by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and the American Society for Microbiology (ASM) a

            Abstract The critical role of the microbiology laboratory in infectious disease diagnosis calls for a close, positive working relationship between the physician and the microbiologists who provide enormous value to the health care team. This document, developed by both laboratory and clinical experts, provides information on which tests are valuable and in which contexts, and on tests that add little or no value for diagnostic decisions. Sections are divided into anatomic systems, including Bloodstream Infections and Infections of the Cardiovascular System, Central Nervous System Infections, Ocular Infections, Soft Tissue Infections of the Head and Neck, Upper Respiratory Infections, Lower Respiratory Tract infections, Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract, Intraabdominal Infections, Bone and Joint Infections, Urinary Tract Infections, Genital Infections, and Skin and Soft Tissue Infections; or into etiologic agent groups, including Tickborne Infections, Viral Syndromes, and Blood and Tissue Parasite Infections. Each section contains introductory concepts, a summary of key points, and detailed tables that list suspected agents; the most reliable tests to order; the samples (and volumes) to collect in order of preference; specimen transport devices, procedures, times, and temperatures; and detailed notes on specific issues regarding the test methods, such as when tests are likely to require a specialized laboratory or have prolonged turnaround times. There is redundancy among the tables and sections, as many agents and assay choices overlap. The document is intended to serve as a reference to guide physicians in choosing tests that will aid them to diagnose infectious diseases in their patients.
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              Absolute and relative accuracy of rapid urine tests for urinary tract infection in children: a meta-analysis.

              Rapid urine tests, such as microscopy, for bacteria and white cells, and dipsticks, for leucocyte esterase and nitrites, are often used in children that are unwell to guide early diagnosis and treatment of urinary tract infection. We aimed to establish whether these tests were sufficiently sensitive to avoid urine culture in children with negative results and to compare the accuracy of dipsticks with microscopy. Medline, Embase, and reference lists were searched. Studies were included if urine culture results were compared with rapid tests in children. Data were analysed to obtain absolute and relative accuracy estimates. Data from 95 studies in 95 703 children were analysed. Summary estimates for sensitivity and specificity for microscopy for Gram-stained bacteria were 91% (95% CI 80-96) and 96% (92-98), for unstained bacteria were 88% (75-94) and 92% (84-96), for urine white cells were 74% (67-80) and 86% (82-90), for leucocyte esterase or nitrite positive dipstick were 88% (82-91) and 79% (69-87), and for nitrite-only positive dipstick were 49% (41-57) and 98% (96-99). Microscopy for bacteria with Gram stain had higher accuracy than other laboratory tests with relative diagnostic odds ratio compared with bacteria without Gram stain of 8.7 (95% CI 1.8-41.1), white cells of 14.5 (4.7-44.4), and nitrite of 22.0 (0.7-746.3). Microscopy for white cells should not be used for the diagnosis of urinary tract infection because its accuracy is no better than that of dipstick, laboratory facilities are needed, and results are delayed. Rapid tests are negative in around 10% of children with a urinary tract infection and cannot replace urine culture. If resources allow, microscopy with Gram stain should be the single rapid test used. 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                inf
                Infectio
                Infect.
                Asociación Colombiana de Infectología. (Bogotá )
                0123-9392
                December 2015
                : 19
                : 4
                : 150-160
                Affiliations
                [1 ] PROASECAL SAS Colombia
                [2 ] Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas-CIDEIM Colombia
                [3 ] Clínica El Rosario Colombia
                Article
                S0123-93922015000400003
                10.1016/j.infect.2015.03.005
                1dd3b25e-f22a-43fe-bc4c-cfaa95db0ed3

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Colombia

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0123-9392&lng=en
                Categories
                INFECTIOUS DISEASES

                Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Urinary tract infection,Microbiological techniques,Identification,Microbial sensitivity tests,Colombia,Infección del tracto urinario,Técnicas microbiológicas,Identificación,Pruebas de Sensibilidad microbiana

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