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      Cola beverage consumption delays alveolar bone healing: a histometric study in rats

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          Abstract

          Epidemiological studies have suggested that cola beverage consumption may affect bone metabolism and increase bone fracture risk. Experimental evidence linking cola beverage consumption to deleterious effects on bone is lacking. Herein, we investigated whether cola beverage consumption from weaning to early puberty delays the rate of reparative bone formation inside the socket of an extracted tooth in rats. Twenty male Wistar rats received cola beverage (cola group) or tap water (control group) ad libitum from the age of 23 days until tooth extraction at 42 days and euthanasia 2 and 3 weeks later. The neoformed bone volume inside the alveolar socket was estimated in semi-serial longitudinal sections using a quantitative differential point-counting method. Histological examination suggested a decrease in the osteogenic process within the tooth sockets of rats from both cola groups, which had thinner and sparser new bone trabeculae. Histometric data confirmed that alveolar bone healing was significantly delayed in cola-fed rats at three weeks after tooth extraction (ANOVA, p = 0.0006, followed by Tukey's test, p < 0.01). Although the results of studies in rats cannot be extrapolated directly to human clinical dentistry, the present study provides evidence that cola beverage consumption negatively affect maxillary bone formation.

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          Most cited references20

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          Risk factors for fractures in normally active children and adolescents.

          A Goulding (2006)
          Although many children sustain at least one fracture during growth, the majority do not, suggesting it is not the norm for healthy children to break their bones. Most childhood fractures occur during play and sport and result from mild or moderate, rather than severe trauma. The majority of fractures (86.4%) are treated solely in outpatient clinics. Furthermore, there is evidence that 66% of all fractures during growth occur in children and adolescents who fracture on more than one occasion, suggesting certain children may be predisposed to fracture. These individuals frequently fracture first at a young age (<5 years), and any previous history of fracture increases the risk of further fractures 2- to 3-fold. While rates of fracture vary considerably with age, sex and maturation, they peak in early puberty when rates of bone turnover are high but bone mineral accrual lags behind gains in height and weight. Fractures are also common in children with endocrine dysfunction, chronic illnesses or genetic disorders that affect bone metabolism and muscle mass, and/or require the use of medications that influence bone metabolism. A number of risk factors have been identified which may predispose children and adolescents to fracture. For instance, bone mineral content, bone size and bone accrual are all lower in apparently healthy children and adolescents with fractures, and low bone mineral density is a predictor of new fracture. There is also evidence that genetic factors, poor nutrition (including an inadequate intake of dietary calcium, milk avoidance and excessive consumption of carbonated beverages), lack of weight-bearing physical activity, obesity and high exposure to trauma may influence fracture risks in the general pediatric population.
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            Evaluation of the effect of cola drinks on bone mineral density and associated factors.

            The aim of the study was to determine bone mineral density changes caused by consumption of cola drinks and the associated factors. Thirty Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups. Groups 1 and 2, consisting of 10 male and 10 female rats, respectively, were provided with as much food, water and cola drinks as they wanted. Groups 3 and 4, consisting of five rats each, received only rat chow and water. The bone mineral density of the rats was measured using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry at the end of 30 days. The blood values and weights of the animals were also determined. The oesophagus and kidneys were removed for histopathological examination. The weight gain was higher in the groups consuming cola drinks than the control group rats (P < 0.05). Water consumption decreased 5.9 times while total fluid consumption increased 1.6-1.9 times in the group consuming cola drinks. No significant change was detected in the blood calcium levels. There was a significant decrease in the bone mineral density of test groups when compared to the control groups (P < 0.05). While we did not detect any pathological oesophageal changes in the rats consuming cola drinks, examination of the kidneys revealed general glomerular congestion and intertubular bleeding. We suggest that the decrease in bone mineral density might be related to the renal damage caused by cola drinks in addition to other related factors.
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              Alveolar wound healing and ridge remodeling after tooth extraction in the rat: a histologic, radiographic and histometric study

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                bor
                Brazilian Oral Research
                Braz. oral res.
                Sociedade Brasileira de Pesquisa Odontológica - SBPqO (São Paulo )
                1807-3107
                June 2010
                : 24
                : 2
                : 177-181
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade de São Paulo Brazil
                [2 ] Universidade de São Paulo Brazil
                [3 ] Universidade de São Paulo Brazil
                Article
                S1806-83242010000200009
                10.1590/S1806-83242010000200009
                1de31703-30c9-463b-bbf8-3312c29d5f7a

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=1806-8324&lng=en
                Categories
                DENTISTRY, ORAL SURGERY & MEDICINE

                Dentistry
                Cola,Bone regeneration,Alveolar process
                Dentistry
                Cola, Bone regeneration, Alveolar process

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