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      A New Method to Improve Running Economy and Maximal Aerobic Power in Athletes: Endurance Training With Periodic Carbon Monoxide Inhalation

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      Frontiers in Physiology
      Frontiers Media SA

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          Regulation of erythropoiesis by hypoxia-inducible factors.

          A classic physiologic response to systemic hypoxia is the increase in red blood cell production. Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) orchestrate this response by inducing cell-type specific gene expression changes that result in increased erythropoietin (EPO) production in kidney and liver, in enhanced iron uptake and utilization and in adjustments of the bone marrow microenvironment that facilitate erythroid progenitor maturation and proliferation. In particular HIF-2 has emerged as the transcription factor that regulates EPO synthesis in the kidney and liver and plays a critical role in the regulation of intestinal iron uptake. Its key function in the hypoxic regulation of erythropoiesis is underscored by genetic studies in human populations that live at high-altitude and by mutational analysis of patients with familial erythrocytosis. This review provides a perspective on recent insights into HIF-controlled erythropoiesis and iron metabolism, and examines cell types that have EPO-producing capability. Furthermore, the review summarizes clinical syndromes associated with mutations in the O(2)-sensing pathway and the genetic changes that occur in high altitude natives. The therapeutic potential of pharmacologic HIF activation for the treatment of anemia is discussed. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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            “Living high-training low”: effect of moderate-altitude acclimatization with low-altitude training on performance

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              Impact of alterations in total hemoglobin mass on VO 2max.

              Training and hypoxia-associated changes in maximal oxygen uptake are mediated by different blood adaptations. Training increases blood volume because of plasma and red cell volume expansion, resulting in increased cardiac output, whereas hypoxia increases only red cell volume, leading to increased hemoglobin concentration and oxygen transport capacity. Blood doping mimics the altitude effects, however, by far exceeding its magnitude.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Frontiers in Physiology
                Front. Physiol.
                Frontiers Media SA
                1664-042X
                June 6 2019
                June 6 2019
                : 10
                Article
                10.3389/fphys.2019.00701
                31244675
                1dfc1309-3ff3-42a1-b2c9-86ee65568be4
                © 2019

                Free to read

                https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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