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      Botulinum toxin type A for refractory post-stroke shoulder pain Translated title: Toxina botulínica do tipo A no tratamento do ombro doloroso após AVC

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          Abstract

          Botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) has been used to treat several neurological conditions such as sialorrhea, hyperhydrosis, dystonia, hemifacial spasm, spasticity and pain. Although spasticity has been successfully treated with BTX-A, few are the authors studying the use of BTX-A to treat shoulder pain secondary to stroke. In order to study if BTX-A is effective to treat post-stroke shoulder pain, we followed up during 4 months 16 patients with sustained shoulder pain. Patients received BTX-A according to previous discussion with the rehabilitation group to determine the muscles and dose to be injected and were evaluated by the join range of motion and analogic pain scale. There was decrease of pain during shoulder motion, mainly during the movements of extension and rotation. We conclude that BTX-A is a safe and efficacious therapy.

          Translated abstract

          A toxina botulínica do tipo A (TB-A) tem sido utilizada com sucesso para o tratamento de várias enfermidades neurológicas, tais como sialorréia, hiperidrose, distonia, espasmo hemifacial, espasticidade e dor. Embora espasticidade seja tratada com sucesso após o advento da TB-A, poucos são os autores que utilizaram a TB-A no tratamento da dor no ombro espástico secundária a acidente vascular cerebral (AVC). Com o objetivo de estudar a eficácia da TB-A no tratamento da dor no ombro secundária a AVC, foram acompanhados 16 pacientes com esta enfermidade associada à dor refratária no ombro espástico. Os pacientes receberam TB-A de acordo com dose e pontos de injeção definidos previamente pelo grupo de reabilitação e foram avaliados pelos ângulos de abertura da articulação do ombro e escala de avaliação analógica de dor. Houve melhora da dor à movimentação da articulação do ombro, principalmente nos movimentos de rotação e extensão. Concluímos que a TB-A é uma terapêutica segura e eficaz para o tratamento do ombro doloroso secundário a AVC.

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          Most cited references13

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          Treatment of dystonia.

          Dystonia, defined as a neurological syndrome characterised by involuntary, patterned, sustained, or repetitive muscle contractions of opposing muscles, causing twisting movements and abnormal postures, is one of the most disabling movement disorders. Although gene mutations and other causes are increasingly recognised, most patients have primary dystonia without a specific cause. Although pathogenesis-targeted treatment is still elusive, the currently available symptomatic treatment strategies are quite effective for some types of dystonia in relieving involuntary movements, correcting abnormal posture, preventing contractures, reducing pain, and improving function and quality of life. A small portion of patients have a known cause and respond to specific treatments, such as levodopa in dopa-responsive dystonia or drugs that prevent copper accumulation in Wilson's disease. Therapeutic options must be tailored to the needs of individual patients and include chemodenervation with botulinum toxin injections for patients with focal or segmental dystonia, and medical treatments or deep brain stimulation for patients with generalised dystonia.
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            Evidence for antinociceptive activity of botulinum toxin type A in pain management.

            K. Aoki (2015)
            The neurotoxin, botulinum toxin type A, has been used successfully, in some patients, as an analgesic for myofascial pain syndromes, migraine, and other headache types. The toxin inhibits the release of the neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, at the neuromuscular junction thereby inhibiting striated muscle contractions. In the majority of pain syndromes where botulinum toxin type A is effective, inhibiting muscle spasms is an important component of its activity. Even so, the reduction of pain often occurs before the decrease in muscle contractions suggesting that botulinum toxin type A has a more complex mechanism of action than initially hypothesized. Current data points to an antinociceptive effect of botulinum toxin type A that is separate from its neuromuscular activity. The common biochemical mechanism, however, remains the same between botulinum toxin type A's effect on the motor nerve or the sensory nerve: enzymatic blockade of neurotransmitter release. The antinociceptive effect of the toxin was reported to block substance P release using in vitro culture systems. The current investigation evaluated the in vivo mechanism of action for the antinociceptive action of botulinum toxin type A. In these studies, botulinum toxin type A was found to block the release of glutamate. Furthermore, Fos, a product of the immediate early gene, c-fos, expressed with neuronal stimuli was prevented upon peripheral exposure to the toxin. These findings suggest that botulinum toxin type A blocks peripheral sensitization and, indirectly, reduces central sensitization. The recent hypothesis that migraine involves both peripheral and central sensitization may help explain how botulinum toxin type A inhibits migraine pain by acting on these two pathways. Further research is needed to determine whether the antinociceptive mechanism mediated by botulinum toxin type A affects the neuronal signaling pathways that are activated during migraine.
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              Systematic review of aetiology and treatment of post-stroke hand oedema and shoulder-hand syndrome.

              Studies on the aetiology and treatment of post-stroke hand oedema and shoulder-hand syndrome (SHS) published from January 1973 until August 1998 were identified. Eleven studies were included with at least some control for confounding. These were evaluated on 11 methodological criteria and by standardized effect sizes. There were five aetiological studies: four cohort studies and one study consisting of two case series using a within-subjects design. The matters investigated included lymph scintigraphy in hand oedema, bone scintigraphy, putative risk factors and the existence of autonomic dysregulation and peripheral nerve lesions in SHS. There were six therapeutic studies: one randomized controlled trial, one non-randomized controlled trial, one cohort study and three case series, of which two studies used a within-subjects design. These studies investigated continuous passive motion and neuromuscular stimulation in hand oedema as well as oral corticosteroids, intramuscular calcitonin and trauma prevention in SHS. A great diversity of pathophysiological and therapeutic insight was found. Based on systematic analysis of the literature, the following conclusions seem justified: (i) the shoulder is involved in only half of the cases with painful swelling of wrist and hand, suggesting a "wrist-hand syndrome" between simple hand oedema and SHS; (ii) hand oedema is not lymphoedema; (iii) SHS usually coincides with increased arterial blood flow; (iv) trauma causes aseptic joint inflammations in SHS; (v) no specific treatment has yet proven its advantage over other physical methods for reducing hand oedema; and (vi) oral corticosteroids are the most effective treatment for SHS.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                anp
                Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria
                Arq. Neuro-Psiquiatr.
                Academia Brasileira de Neurologia - ABNEURO (São Paulo )
                1678-4227
                June 2008
                : 66
                : 2a
                : 213-215
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade Federal da Bahia Brazil
                Article
                S0004-282X2008000200014
                10.1590/S0004-282X2008000200014
                1e28eb94-b94f-4b63-bb38-8d3f601e3e16

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0004-282X&lng=en
                Categories
                NEUROSCIENCES
                PSYCHIATRY

                Neurosciences,Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                botulinum toxin,spasticity,pain,stroke,hemiplegia,toxina botulínica,espasticidade,dor,AVC

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