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      Bases Moleculares da Hiperplasia Adrenal Congênita Translated title: Molecular Bases of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

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          Abstract

          Hiperplasia adrenal congênita (HAC) é uma doença autossômica recessiva decorrente da alteração de enzimas que participam da síntese do cortisol. As manifestações podem ser causadas pela deficiência do cortisol e, em alguns casos, aldosterona e pelo acúmulo de precursores. O objetivo desta revisão é apresentar os mecanismos moleculares dos principais defeitos enzimáticos envolvidos na etiopatogênese da HAC. A deficiência da 21-hidroxilase (21OH) ocorre em 95% dos casos de HAC. Existem dois genes que codificam o P450c21: um ativo, CYP21, e um pseudogene CYP21P. Ambos são altamente homólogos (98%), o que favorece o emparelhamento desigual dos cromossomos homólogos durante a meiose, levando a duplicações e/ou deleções ou conversões desses genes. Adicionalmente, foram também descritas mutações de ponto, muitas delas presentes no pseudogene sugerindo microconversões. Mutações no gene CYP11B1 causam HAC por deficiência da 11beta-hidroxilase, forma esta que corresponde a 5% dos casos. Algumas mutações são recorrentes, situando-se principalmente entre os exons 6-8 que representaria uma área hot-spot no gene CYP11B1. A deficiência de 17-hidroxilase é causada por mutações no gene CYP17, que codificam uma proteína alterada, levando a deficiência total ou parcial de 17-hidroxilação e 17,20-liase ou deficiência isolada de 17,20-liase. Finalmente, deficiência de 3beta-HSD é causada por mutações no gene HSD3B2, que codifica a enzima 3beta-HSD tipo II e estas mutações têm sido associadas tanto com a forma clássica como com a forma não clássica da deficiência da 3beta-HSD.

          Translated abstract

          Congenital adrenal hiperplasia (CAH) is a recessive autossomic disease caused by inherited defects in cortisol biosynthesis. The manifestations are caused both by the deficient synthesis of cortisol, and sometimes of aldosterone, and by accumulation of the precursor steroids. The objective of this review is to present the molecular mechanisms of the main enzymatic defects involved in the etiopathogenesis of CAH. Deficiency of 21-hydroxylase (21OH) accounts for more than 95% of all cases of CAH. The human genome contains two CYP genes: one active, CYP21, and a pseudogene, CYP21P. Both are highly homologous (98%), facilitating recombination events during meiosis, leading to duplication and/or deletion or conversion of these genes. Additionally, point mutations have also been described. Deficiency of 11beta-hydroxylase (11betaOH) is caused by mutations in the CYP11B1 gene, and accounts for 5% of all cases. Some mutations are recurrent, and mainly located on exons 6-8, which is considered a hot-spot area in CYP11B1 gene. Deficiency of 17alpha-hydroxylase (17OH) is caused by mutations in the CYP17 gene, producing a truncated or impaired protein. These mutations have been described in patients with combined deficiencies of 17OH and 17,20-lyase or with isolated 17,20-lyase. Finally, CAH caused by 3beta-HSD deficiency is the consequence of mutations in the gene HSD3B2 that encodes 3beta-HSD type II. In the classical form of the disease nonsense mutations, insertion and deletions have been described, while in non classical forms, mutations result in diminished enzyme affinity and loss of enzyme activity.

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          Most cited references141

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          The genetics, pathophysiology, and management of human deficiencies of P450c17.

          P450c17 commands a central role in human steroidogenesis as the qualitative regulator of steroid hormone flux. Consequently, the study of P450c17 deficiencies in human beings serves to illustrate many aspects of the physiology of steroid biosynthesis and to demonstrate salient features of the genetics and biochemistry of P450c17 itself. Furthermore, classic 17-hydroxylase deficiency was first described in patients with sexual infantilism and hypertension, but it is now recognized that partial and selective forms of P450c17 deficiencies also exist. These patients demonstrate a range of phenotypes, illustrating the multiple roles of P450c17 in human biology. This article reviews the genetics and biochemistry of P450c17 as a prelude for understanding the pathophysiology of these diseases and approaches to their diagnosis and management.
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            Williams textbook of endocrinology

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              Expression of bovine 17 alpha-hydroxylase cytochrome P-450 cDNA in nonsteroidogenic (COS 1) cells.

              Cortisol production requires the activity of only 17 alpha-hydroxylase, whereas the formation of sex steroids requires both 17 alpha-hydroxylase and 17,20-lyase activities. Studies in reconstituted enzyme systems have suggested that a single steroid hydroxylase, 17 alpha-hydroxylase cytochrome P-450 (P-450(17) alpha), catalyzes both activities. By expression of bovine adrenocortical P-450(17 alpha) in COS 1 (transformed monkey kidney) cells, which normally contain no detectable P-450(17) alpha, it has now been established in situ that a single polypeptide chain does catalyze both the 17 alpha-hydroxylase and the 17,20-lyase reactions. This heterologous system supports 17 alpha-hydroxylation of pregnenolone and progesterone with equal efficiency, but catalyzes about five times as much 17,20-lyase activity when 17 alpha-hydroxypregnenolone is the substrate than when 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone is the substrate. For these activities to be observed in COS 1 cells, newly synthesized apocytochrome P-450(17) alpha must bind heme and insert into the endoplasmic reticulum such that endogenous cytochrome P-450 reductase can support hydroxylation. Thus, COS 1 cells are a useful system for expression and study of various forms of cytochrome P-450.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                abem
                Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia & Metabologia
                Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab
                Sociedade Brasileira de Endocrinologia e Metabologia (São Paulo )
                1677-9487
                August 2002
                : 46
                : 4
                : 457-477
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade Estadual de Campinas Brazil
                [2 ] Universidade de São Paulo Brazil
                [3 ] Universidade Federal de São Paulo Brazil
                [4 ] Universidade de São Paulo Brazil
                Article
                S0004-27302002000400017
                10.1590/S0004-27302002000400017
                1e3c4a93-8b00-4e57-b2f9-a9c21f50343f

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0004-2730&lng=en
                Categories
                ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM

                Endocrinology & Diabetes
                Congenital adrenal hyperplasia,21-hydroxylase deficiency,11beta-hydroxylase deficiency,17-hydroxylase deficiency,3beta-HSD deficiency,Hiperplasia adrenal congênita,Deficiência de 21-hidroxilase,Deficiência de 11beta-hidroxilase,Deficiência de 17-hidroxilase,Deficiência de 3beta-HSD

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