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      Shifting attitudes toward suicide over time: A latent profile analysis using the Korea National Suicide Survey

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          Abstract

          Introduction

          South Korea has a high suicide rate, and changes in sociodemographic factors can further increase the rate. This study aims to (1) classify participants using the Attitudes toward Suicide Scale (ATTS) through latent profile analysis (LPA), (2) identify and compare the associations between sociodemographic factors with the ATTS in two survey years (2013, 2018), and (3) determine the moderating effect of survey year.

          Methods

          Six sub-factors of the ATTS were used for LPA with a total of 2,973 participants. Sociodemographic characteristics were compared between groups, and multinomial logistic regression was conducted for each survey year. A moderation analysis was conducted with the survey year as moderator.

          Results

          LPA identified three groups of attitudes toward suicide: incomprehensible (10.3%), mixed (52.8%), and permissive (36.9%). The proportion of permissive attitudes increased from 2013 (32.3%) to 2018 (41.7%). Participants reporting suicidal behavior were more likely to be in the mixed and permissive groups than the incomprehensible group in both years. People reporting no religious beliefs were associated with the permissive group in the two survey years. The influence of education and income levels on groups differed by survey year.

          Discussion

          There were significant changes between 2013 and 2018 in attitudes toward suicide in the Korean population.

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          Most cited references36

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          The Use of Cronbach’s Alpha When Developing and Reporting Research Instruments in Science Education

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            Integrating person-centered and variable-centered analyses: growth mixture modeling with latent trajectory classes.

            Many alcohol research questions require methods that take a person-centered approach because the interest is in finding heterogeneous groups of individuals, such as those who are susceptible to alcohol dependence and those who are not. A person-centered focus also is useful with longitudinal data to represent heterogeneity in developmental trajectories. In alcohol, drug, and mental health research the recognition of heterogeneity has led to theories of multiple developmental pathways. This paper gives a brief overview of new methods that integrate variable- and person-centered analyses. Methods discussed include latent class analysis, latent transition analysis, latent class growth analysis, growth mixture modeling, and general growth mixture modeling. These methods are presented in a general latent variable modeling framework that expands traditional latent variable modeling by including not only continuous latent variables but also categorical latent variables. Four examples that use the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) data are presented to illustrate latent class analysis, latent class growth analysis, growth mixture modeling, and general growth mixture modeling. Latent class analysis of antisocial behavior found four classes. Four heavy drinking trajectory classes were found. The relationship between the latent classes and background variables and consequences was studied. Person-centered and variable-centered analyses typically have been seen as different activities that use different types of models and software. This paper gives a brief overview of new methods that integrate variable- and person-centered analyses. The general framework makes it possible to combine these models and to study new models serving as a stimulus for asking research questions that have both person- and variable-centered aspects.
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              Suicide and suicide risk

              Although recent years have seen large decreases in the overall global rate of suicide fatalities, this trend is not reflected everywhere. Suicide and suicidal behaviour continue to present key challenges for public policy and health services, with increasing suicide deaths in some countries such as the USA. The development of suicide risk is complex, involving contributions from biological (including genetics), psychological (such as certain personality traits), clinical (such as comorbid psychiatric illness), social and environmental factors. The involvement of multiple risk factors in conveying risk of suicide means that determining an individual's risk of suicide is challenging. Improving risk assessment, for example, by using computer testing and genetic screening, is an area of ongoing research. Prevention is key to reduce the number of suicide deaths and prevention efforts include universal, selective and indicated interventions, although these interventions are often delivered in combination. These interventions, combined with psychological (such as cognitive behavioural therapy, caring contacts and safety planning) and pharmacological treatments (for example, clozapine and ketamine) along with coordinated social and public health initiatives, should continue to improve the management of individuals who are suicidal and decrease suicide-associated morbidity.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Psychiatry
                Front Psychiatry
                Front. Psychiatry
                Frontiers in Psychiatry
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1664-0640
                01 March 2023
                2023
                : 14
                : 1124318
                Affiliations
                [1] 1Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital , Seoul, Republic of Korea
                [2] 2Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine , Seoul, Republic of Korea
                [3] 3Department of Psychiatry, Asan Medical Center , Seoul, Republic of Korea
                [4] 4Department of Psychiatry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine , Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
                [5] 5Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, Seoul National University Medical Research Center , Seoul, Republic of Korea
                Author notes

                Edited by: Yuka Kotozaki, Iwate Medical University, Japan

                Reviewed by: Xiaozhao Yousef Yang, Sun Yat-sen University, China; Sami Hamdan, Academic College Tel Aviv-Yaffo, Israel

                *Correspondence: Yong Min Ahn aym@ 123456snu.ac.kr

                This article was submitted to Public Mental Health, a section of the journal Frontiers in Psychiatry

                †These authors have contributed equally to this work

                Article
                10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1124318
                10014803
                36937738
                1e5b4b43-e17b-4447-becb-044085ee8708
                Copyright © 2023 Lee, Rhee, Kim, Park, Yang, Son, Park and Ahn.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 15 December 2022
                : 06 February 2023
                Page count
                Figures: 4, Tables: 5, Equations: 0, References: 45, Pages: 13, Words: 7292
                Funding
                Funded by: Ministry of Health and Welfare, doi 10.13039/501100003625;
                This research was based on the project 2013, 2018 National Survey on Suicide which was supported by a grant from the Korea Ministry of Health & Welfare, Republic of Korea.
                Categories
                Psychiatry
                Original Research

                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                suicide in korea,attitudes to suicide,korea national suicide survey,latent profile analysis,moderation model,werther effect

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