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      Whole genome association studies in complex diseases: where do we stand? Translated title: Estudios de asociación del genoma completo en enfermedades complejas: ¿dónde estamos? Translated title: Les études d'association sur le génome entier dans les maladies complexes: où en sommes-nous ?

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          Abstract

          Hundreds of genome-wide association studies have been performed in recent years in order to try to identify common variants that associate with complex disease. These have met with varying success. Some of the strongest effects of common variants have been found in lateonset diseases and in drug response. The major histocompatibility complex has also shown very strong association with a variety of disorders. Although there have been some notable success stories in neuropsychiatric genetics, on the whole, common variation has explained little of the high heritability of these traits. In contrast, early studies of rare copy number variants have led rapidly to a number of genes and loci that strongly associate with neuropsychiatric disorders. It is likely that the use of whole-genome sequencing to extend the study of rare variation in neuropsychiatry will greatly advance our understanding of neuropsychiatric genetics.

          Translated abstract

          En los últimos años se han realizado cientos de estudios de asociación del genoma completo tratando de identificar variantes comunes que se asocien con enfermedades complejas, los que han tenido logros variables. En enfermedades de aparición tardía y en la respuesta a fármacos se han encontrado algunos de los efectos más potentes de variantes comunes. El complejo mayor de histocompatibilidad también ha mostrado una asociación muy fuerte con una variedad de trastornos. Aunque han existido algunos casos destacados de éxito en la genética neuropsiquiátrica, en conjunto, la variación común ha explicado sólo parte de la alta herencia de estos rasgos. Por otra parte, los estudios iniciales de variantes raras del número de la copia han conducido rápidamente a asociaciones potentes entre un número de genes y loci con trastornos neuropsiquiátricos. Es posible que el empleo de la secuenciación de todo el genoma se extienda al estudio de variaciones raras en neuropsiquiatría y se progrese enormemente en la comprensión de la genética neuropsiquiátrica.

          Translated abstract

          Ces dernières années, des centaines d'études d'association sur le génome entier ont tenté d'identifier des variants communs associés aux maladies complexes, ceci avec un succès mitigé. Certains des effets les plus marqués des variants communs ont été retrouvés dans les maladies à début tardif et dans la réponse au médicament. Le complexe majeur d'histocompatibilité a montré également une très forte association avec différents troubles. Malgré quelques succès notables en génétique neuropsychiatrique, dans l'ensemble, la très haute héritabilité de ces caractères a été peu expliquée par les variants communs. Au contraire, les premières études de variations rares du nombre de copies ont permis rapidement d'affirmer une forte association de nombreux gènes et loci à des maladies neuropsychiatriques. Il est probable que l'utilisation du séquençage du génome entier pour améliorer l'étude des variations rares en neuropsychiatrie va permettre de faire avancer de manière significative notre compréhension de la génétique neuropsychiatrique.

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          Gene dose of apolipoprotein E type 4 allele and the risk of Alzheimer's disease in late onset families.

          The apolipoprotein E type 4 allele (APOE-epsilon 4) is genetically associated with the common late onset familial and sporadic forms of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Risk for AD increased from 20% to 90% and mean age at onset decreased from 84 to 68 years with increasing number of APOE-epsilon 4 alleles in 42 families with late onset AD. Thus APOE-epsilon 4 gene dose is a major risk factor for late onset AD and, in these families, homozygosity for APOE-epsilon 4 was virtually sufficient to cause AD by age 80.
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            Genome-wide association studies for complex traits: consensus, uncertainty and challenges.

            The past year has witnessed substantial advances in understanding the genetic basis of many common phenotypes of biomedical importance. These advances have been the result of systematic, well-powered, genome-wide surveys exploring the relationships between common sequence variation and disease predisposition. This approach has revealed over 50 disease-susceptibility loci and has provided insights into the allelic architecture of multifactorial traits. At the same time, much has been learned about the successful prosecution of association studies on such a scale. This Review highlights the knowledge gained, defines areas of emerging consensus, and describes the challenges that remain as researchers seek to obtain more complete descriptions of the susceptibility architecture of biomedical traits of interest and to translate the information gathered into improvements in clinical management.
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              Structural variation of chromosomes in autism spectrum disorder.

              Structural variation (copy number variation [CNV] including deletion and duplication, translocation, inversion) of chromosomes has been identified in some individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), but the full etiologic role is unknown. We performed genome-wide assessment for structural abnormalities in 427 unrelated ASD cases via single-nucleotide polymorphism microarrays and karyotyping. With microarrays, we discovered 277 unbalanced CNVs in 44% of ASD families not present in 500 controls (and re-examined in another 1152 controls). Karyotyping detected additional balanced changes. Although most variants were inherited, we found a total of 27 cases with de novo alterations, and in three (11%) of these individuals, two or more new variants were observed. De novo CNVs were found in approximately 7% and approximately 2% of idiopathic families having one child, or two or more ASD siblings, respectively. We also detected 13 loci with recurrent/overlapping CNV in unrelated cases, and at these sites, deletions and duplications affecting the same gene(s) in different individuals and sometimes in asymptomatic carriers were also found. Notwithstanding complexities, our results further implicate the SHANK3-NLGN4-NRXN1 postsynaptic density genes and also identify novel loci at DPP6-DPP10-PCDH9 (synapse complex), ANKRD11, DPYD, PTCHD1, 15q24, among others, for a role in ASD susceptibility. Our most compelling result discovered CNV at 16p11.2 (p = 0.002) (with characteristics of a genomic disorder) at approximately 1% frequency. Some of the ASD regions were also common to mental retardation loci. Structural variants were found in sufficiently high frequency influencing ASD to suggest that cytogenetic and microarray analyses be considered in routine clinical workup.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Center for Human Genome Variation, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
                Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Center for Human Genome Variation, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
                Journal
                Dialogues Clin Neurosci
                Dialogues Clin Neurosci
                Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience
                Les Laboratoires Servier (France )
                1294-8322
                1958-5969
                March 2010
                : 12
                : 1
                : 37-46
                Affiliations
                Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Center for Human Genome Variation, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
                Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Center for Human Genome Variation, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
                Author notes
                [* ] To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: d.goldstein@ 123456duke.edu
                Article
                3181943
                20373665
                1e621aba-e8d6-4cf4-9b03-1599024ad111
                Copyright: © 2010 LLS

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Categories
                Basic Research

                Neurosciences
                rare variant,genome-wide association study; rare variant; neuropsychiatric; schizophrenia; sequencing,schizophrenia ,neuropsychiatric,sequencing

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