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      STOP smoking and alcohol drinking before OPeration for bladder cancer (the STOP-OP study), perioperative smoking and alcohol cessation intervention in relation to radical cystectomy: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial

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          Abstract

          Background

          To evaluate the effect of a smoking-, alcohol- or combined-cessation intervention starting shortly before surgery and lasting 6 weeks on overall complications after radical cystectomy. Secondary objectives are to examine the effect on types and grades of complications, smoking cessation and alcohol cessation, length of hospital stay, health-related quality of life and return to work or habitual level of activity up to 12 months postoperatively.

          Methods/design

          The study is a multi-institutional randomised clinical trial involving 110 patients with a risky alcohol intake and daily smoking who are scheduled for radical cystectomy. Patients will be randomised to the 6-week Gold Standard Programme (GSP) or treatment as usual (control). The GSP combines patient education and pharmacologic strategies. Smoking and alcohol intake is biochemically validated (blood, urine and breath tests) at the weekly meetings and at follow-up.

          Discussion

          Herein, we report the design of the STOP-OP study, objectives and accrual up-date. This study will provide new knowledge about how to prevent smoking and alcohol-related postoperative complications at the time of bladder cancer surgery. Till now 77 patients have been enrolled. Patient accrual is expected to be finalised before the end of 2017 and data will be published in 2018.

          Trial registration

          ClinicalTrials.gov, ID: NCT02188446. Registered on 28 May 2014.

          Electronic supplementary material

          The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13063-017-2065-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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          Most cited references21

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          Toward a theory of motivational interviewing.

          The widely disseminated clinical method of motivational interviewing (MI) arose through a convergence of science and practice. Beyond a large base of clinical trials, advances have been made toward "looking under the hood" of MI to understand the underlying mechanisms by which it affects behavior change. Such specification of outcome-relevant aspects of practice is vital to theory development and can inform both treatment delivery and clinical training. An emergent theory of MI is proposed that emphasizes two specific active components: a relational component focused on empathy and the interpersonal spirit of MI, and a technical component involving the differential evocation and reinforcement of client change talk. A resulting causal chain model links therapist training, therapist and client responses during treatment sessions, and posttreatment outcomes.
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            R: a language and environment for statistical computing

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              Measuring nicotine dependence: A review of the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire

              In the last decade, the importance of nicotine in maintaining smoking and in cessation difficulty has been acknowledged. Consequently, this has led to efforts to measure nicotine dependence. This paper focuses on a widely used, paper-and-pencil test of nicotine dependence--the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire (FTQ). The findings indicate that the FTQ correlates with other proposed measures of nicotine dependence (carbon monoxide, nicotine, and cotinine levels). The connection between FTQ scores and withdrawal symptoms is weak. In clinic outcome trials, the FTQ predicted success where no pharmacologic treatment was involved, while nicotine replacement appeared to mask the relation between FTQ scores and outcome. However, the FTQ may predict outcome with nicotine replacement as a function of dose. In placebo-controlled, nicotine replacement trials, FTQ scores were related to success by treatment. Problems with the FTQ are described with focus on item difficulties and analyses of the scale.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                +4535451704 , Susanne.vahr@regionh.dk
                Thordis.thomsen@regionh.dk
                peter.ole.thind@regionh.dk
                hanne.tonnesen@regionh.dk
                Journal
                Trials
                Trials
                Trials
                BioMed Central (London )
                1745-6215
                17 July 2017
                17 July 2017
                2017
                : 18
                : 329
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0646 7373, GRID grid.4973.9, Department of Urology, , Copenhagen University Hospital, ; Rigshospitalet, 2112, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
                [2 ]Abdominal Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet and University of Copenhagen, Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark
                [3 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0646 7373, GRID grid.4973.9, Clinical Health Promotion Centre, , Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospitals, ; Copenhagen, Denmark
                [4 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0930 2361, GRID grid.4514.4, Clinical Health Promotion Centre, Health Sciences, , Lund University, ; Lund, Sweden
                [5 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0728 0170, GRID grid.10825.3e, Health Science, , University of Southern Denmark, ; Odense, Denmark
                Article
                2065
                10.1186/s13063-017-2065-6
                5513198
                28716147
                1e6c3279-0cf0-44d8-aa0c-3aac656ff9f6
                © The Author(s). 2017

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

                History
                : 17 January 2017
                : 26 June 2017
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004191, Novo Nordisk;
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100003035, Aase og Ejnar Danielsens Fond;
                Funded by: Flemming Lunds Fond
                Funded by: The Danish Bladder Group (DaBlaCa)
                Funded by: Medac
                Funded by: Löf
                Categories
                Study Protocol
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2017

                Medicine
                smoking,alcohol,surgery,postoperative complications,bladder cancer
                Medicine
                smoking, alcohol, surgery, postoperative complications, bladder cancer

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