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      New Trends in the Treatment of Scleroderma Renal Crisis

      review-article
      ,
      Nephron
      S. Karger AG
      Statins, Scleroderma, Renal crisis

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          Abstract

          The main pathological changes observed in scleroderma kidney are edema and proliferation of intimal cells, glomerular changes with thickening and obliteration of arteries leading to decreased renal perfusion and increased renin release. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors are the cornerstone in the treatment of patients with scleroderma renal crisis. Statins are used in the prevention of primary and secondary cardiovascular events. These drugs control cell proliferation and may prevent the injury observed in scleroderma kidney.

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          Most cited references3

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          Stroke protection by 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl (HMG)-CoA reductase inhibitors mediated by endothelial nitric oxide synthase

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            Direct vascular effects of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors.

            Several studies have demonstrated that any beneficial effect of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors (statins) on coronary events are linked to their hypocholesterolemic properties. However, since mevalonic acid (MVA), the product of the enzyme reaction, is the precursor of numerous metabolites, inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase has the potential to result in pleiotropic effects. MVA and other intermediates of cholesterol synthesis (isoprenoids) are necessary for cell proliferation and other important cell functions, hence effects other than cholesterol reduction may help to explain the antiatherosclerotic properties of statins. Recently, we provided in vitro evidence that fluvastatin, simvastatin, lovastatin, cerivastatin, but not pravastatin, dose-dependently decrease smooth muscle cells (SMC) migration and proliferation, independently of their ability to reduce plasma cholesterol. Moreover, statins are able to reduce the in vitro cholesterol accumulation in macrophages, by blocking cholesterol esterification and endocytosis of modified lipoproteins. This in vitro inhibition was completely prevented by the addition of mevalonate and partially by all-trans farnesol and all-trans geranylgeraniol, confirming the specific role of isoprenoid metabolites--probably through a prenylated protein(s)--in regulating these cellular events. The inhibitory effect of lipophilic statins on SMC proliferation has been recently shown in different models of proliferating cells such as cultured arterial myocytes and rapidly proliferating carotid and femoral intimal lesions in rabbits. Finally, ex vivo studies recently showed that sera from fluvastatin-treated patients interfere with smooth muscle cell proliferation. These results suggest that HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors exert a direct antiatherosclerotic effect in the arterial wall, beyond their effects on plasma lipids, that could translate into a more significant prevention of cardiovascular disease.
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              Prenylation inhibitors in renal disease

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                NEF
                Nephron
                10.1159/issn.1660-8151
                Nephron
                S. Karger AG
                1660-8151
                2235-3186
                2002
                September 2002
                26 September 2002
                : 92
                : 3
                : 716-718
                Affiliations
                Department of Internal Medicine ‘E’, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
                Article
                64073 Nephron 2002;92:716–718
                10.1159/000064073
                12372964
                1e7dd5b6-9329-4fee-a532-4056f0cf62a7
                © 2002 S. Karger AG, Basel

                Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug. Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.

                History
                : 16 January 2002
                Page count
                Figures: 1, References: 27, Pages: 3
                Categories
                Short Communication

                Cardiovascular Medicine,Nephrology
                Statins,Scleroderma,Renal crisis
                Cardiovascular Medicine, Nephrology
                Statins, Scleroderma, Renal crisis

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