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      Sodium sulfate exposure slows growth of native pecan seedlings Translated title: El sulfato de sodio reduce el crecimiento en plántulas nativas de nogal pecanero

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          Abstract

          Pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wanngenh) K. Koch] is one of the most important nut crops in arid and semiarid regions of Mexico. Here, most pecans are grown in saline soils having poor permeability which are further degraded by the use of low-quality irrigation water. Salinity adversely affects both pecan nut quality and yield. Little work has been done to explore the physiological effects of salinity on native pecan trees. Here we examine physiological changes determined by exposure of pecan seedlings to sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) at four concentrations: 1000, 2000, 3000 and 4000 mg/L applied twice weekly over a 70 d period. Control plants were similarly irrigated but with water free of Na2SO4. The aim was to identify and quantify the putative salinity damage to native pecan seedlings growing in Chihuahua, Mexico. Seedlings exposed to Na2SO4 were of reduced height and stem diameter. At the highest exposure level (4000 mg/L), proline concentration in the leafets was 820% higher (2.63 mg/g) than in the controls (0.32 mg/g), and chlorophyll was 35% lower (23.4 mg/L) than in the controls (36 mg/L). Meanwhile, sulfate ion concentration was increased by 104% from 84.47 to 172.5 mg/g. Root biomass decreased by 310% (from 30.5 to 9.5 g) and foliar biomass decreased by 260% (from 26.7 to 10 g). No disease symptoms were apparent in any seedlings suggesting that these changes were induced by Na2SO4 stress alone. Of the physiological parameters measured, proline, chlorophyll and sulfate ion concentration, as well as root and shoot biomasses were strongly affected by irrigation with Na2SO4 at concentrations of 2000 mg/L and above.

          Translated abstract

          El nogal pecanero [Carya illinoensis (Wanngenh) K. Koch] es uno de los cultivos de nuez más importantes de las regionesáridas y semiáridas en México. La mayoría de las áreas donde se cultiva el nogal están establecidas en suelos salinos. Estos suelos tienen pobre permeabilidad y baja calidad en el agua de riego afectando la calidad y producción de nuez. Los cambios fisiológicos debido al estrés por salinidad han sido poco estudiados en plántulas de nogal pecanero nativo. En este trabajo de investigación se estudiaron los cambios fisiológicos inducidos por sulfato de sodio en plántulas de nogal, las cuales se expusieron a cuatro concentraciones de Na2SO4: 1000, 2000, 3000 y 4000 mg/L y el control sin Na2SO4. Las dosis se aplicaron dos veces por semana durante 70 días con el objetivo de evaluar el posible daño en plántulas de nogal nativo de Chihuahua, México. Las plántulas que se expusieron a Na2SO4 presentaron menor altura y desarrollo del diámetro del tallo. La concentración de prolina en los foliolos fue 820% más alta en la dosis de 4000 mg/L (2,63 mg/g) que en el control (0,32 mg/g). En esta dosis, la clorofila se redujo en un 36% con respecto al control, de 36 a 23,4 mg/L. La concentración de sulfato aumentó en 104%, de 84,47 a 172,5 mg/g. La biomasa de las raíces disminuyó en 310%, de 30,5 a 9,5 g. La biomasa foliar también disminuyó de 26,7 a 10 g. No se presentaron síntomas visibles de enfermedad. El estrés salino indujo estos cambios metabólicos en las plántulas. A partir de 2000 mg/L de Na2SO4 los parámetros fisiológicos concentración de prolina, clorofila y sulfatos, así como la biomasa de raíz y foliar fueron fuertemente afectados en plántulas nativas de nogal pecanero.

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          The Fate of Excess Sulfur in Higher Plants

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            Development of crown and root rot disease of tomato under irrigation with saline water.

            ABSTRACT We studied the effect of water salinity on the incidence and severity of crown and root rot disease of tomato, as well as on the pathogen and on the plant's response to the pathogen. Irrigation with saline water significantly increased disease severity in tomato transplants inoculated with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici, and mineral fertilization further increased it. In one field experiment, disease incidence in plots irrigated with saline water (electrical conductivity [EC] = 3.2 +/- 0.1 dS m(-1)) and in those irrigated with fresh water (EC = 0.4 +/- 0.1 dS m(-1)) was 75 and 38%, respectively. Disease onset was earlier and yield was lower in plots irrigated with saline water. In a second field experiment, final disease incidence 250 days after planting, was 12% in plants which had been irrigated with saline water (EC = 4.6 +/- 0.1 dS m(-1)) and 4% in those irrigated with fresh water (EC = 1.2 +/- 0.1 dS m(-1)). Irrigation of tomato transplants with 20 mM NaCl did not inhibit plant development, but partial inhibition was observed at higher NaCl concentrations. Growth of the pathogen in culture or survival of conidia added to soil were not affected by saline water. Plants which were preirrigated with saline water were more severely diseased than those preirrigated with tap water. It was concluded that disease increases effected by saline water are associated with the latter's effect on plant response.
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              Abscisic acid in salt stress predisposition to phytophthora root and crown rot in tomato and chrysanthemum.

              Plants respond to changes in the environment with complex signaling networks, often under control of phytohormones that generate positive and negative crosstalk among downstream effectors of the response. Accordingly, brief dehydration stresses such as salinity and water deficit, which induce a rapid and transient systemic increase in levels of abscisic acid (ABA), can influence disease response pathways. ABA has been associated with susceptibility of plants to bacteria, fungi, and oomycetes but relatively little attention has been directed at its role in abiotic stress predisposition to root pathogens. This study examines the impact of brief salinity stress on infection of tomato and chrysanthemum roots by Phytophthora spp. Roots of plants in hydroponic culture exposed to a brief episode of salt (sodium chloride) stress prior to or after inoculation were severely diseased relative to nonstressed plants. Tomato roots remained in a predisposed state up to 24 h following removal from the stress. An increase in root ABA levels in tomato preceded or temporally paralleled the onset of stress-induced susceptibility, with levels declining in roots prior to recovery from the predisposed state. Exogenous ABA could substitute for salt stress and significantly enhanced pathogen colonization and disease development. ABA-deficient tomato mutants lacked the predisposition response, which could be restored by complementation of the mutant with exogenous ABA. In contrast, ethylene, which exacerbates disease symptoms in some host-parasite interactions, did not appear to contribute to the predisposition response. Thus, several lines of evidence support ABA as a critical and dominant factor in the salinity-induced predisposition to Phytophthora spp. infection.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                phyton
                Phyton (Buenos Aires)
                Phyton (B. Aires)
                Fundación Rómulo Raggio (Vicente López, Buenos Aires, Argentina )
                1851-5657
                June 2015
                : 84
                : 1
                : 80-85
                Affiliations
                [01] Chihuahua Chihuahua orgnameUniversidad Autónoma de Chihuahua orgdiv1Facultad de Ciencias Agrotecnológicas orgdiv2Masters of Science Program in Fructiculture Productivity Mexico
                [02] Chihuahua Chihuahua orgnameUniversidad Autónoma de Chihuahua orgdiv1Facultad de Ciencias Agrotecnológicas Mexico
                Article
                S1851-56572015000100012
                1ea09edc-4cbe-4b52-9834-332cc5a37a7b

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 13 December 2013
                : 01 February 2014
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 27, Pages: 6
                Product

                SciELO Argentina


                Biomasa,Carya illinoensis,Clorofila,Prolina,Salinidad,Biomass,Chlorophyll,Proline,Salinity

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