Stephanie Lake: Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole:
VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
Zach Walsh: Role: ConceptualizationRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – review & editing
Thomas Kerr:
ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0870-7153
Role: Funding acquisitionRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
Ziva D. Cooper: Role: ConceptualizationRole: Writing – review & editing
Jane Buxton: Role: ConceptualizationRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
Evan Wood: Role: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review
& editing
Mark A. Ware:
ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1286-1719
Role: ConceptualizationRole: Writing – review & editing
M. J. Milloy:
ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3821-6221
Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole:
SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
Margarita Alegria: Role: Academic Editor
Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS Med
Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PLoS Med
Journal ID (publisher-id): plos
Journal ID (pmc): plosmed
Title:
PLoS Medicine
Publisher:
Public Library of Science
(San Francisco, CA USA
)
ISSN
(Print):
1549-1277
ISSN
(Electronic):
1549-1676
Publication date
(Electronic):
19
November
2019
Publication date Collection:
November
2019
Volume: 16
Issue: 11
Electronic Location Identifier: e1002967
Affiliations
[1
]
British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
[2
]
School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver,
British Columbia, Canada
[3
]
Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia,
Canada
[4
]
Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia,
Canada
[5
]
Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los
Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
[6
]
British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
[7
]
Department of Family Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
[8
]
Department of Anesthesia, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
Massachusetts General Hospital, UNITED STATES
Author notes
I have read the journal's policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following
competing interests: M-JM is the Canopy Growth professor of cannabis science at UBC,
a position created using unstructured arms’ length gifts to the university from Canopy
Growth Corporation and the Government of British Columbia’s Ministry of Mental Health
and Addictions. The University of British Columbia has received unstructured funding
from NG Biomed, Ltd., an applicant to the Canadian federal government for a license
to produce cannabis, to support M-JM. ZW is Coordinating Principal Investigator on
a clinical trial sponsored by Tilray, a licensed producer of medical cannabis. ZDC
has received research funds and partial salary support from Insys Therapeutics. She
has served as a consultant to GB Sciences and Beckley Canopy Therapeutics and is a
scientific advisor to FSD Pharma. MAW has consulted for CHI, CannaRoyalty and Zynerba
and has received a grant to his institution for clinical research from CanniMed. He
was appointed to Chief Medical Officer at Canopy Growth Corp in July 2018 (after the
study period ended). He supported the first author in conceptualization of the research,
but did not contribute to the study’s methodological design or data analysis. All
other authors report no competing interests in relation to the work described.
Author information
Article
Publisher ID:
PMEDICINE-D-19-02142
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002967
PMC ID: 6863529
PubMed ID: 31743343
SO-VID: 1ead6c8f-a7a8-4da4-b2f9-558251fc4bd8
Copyright © © 2019 Lake et al
License:
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided
the original author and source are credited.
Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000026, National Institute on Drug Abuse;
Award ID: U01-DA038886
Award Recipient
:
ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0870-7153
Thomas Kerr
Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000026, National Institute on Drug Abuse;
Award ID: U01-DA021525
Award Recipient
:
ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3821-6221
M. J. Milloy
Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000024, Canadian Institutes of Health Research;
Award Recipient
:
Stephanie Lake
Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000101, Pierre Elliott Trudeau Foundation;
Award Recipient
:
Stephanie Lake
Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000024, Canadian Institutes of Health Research;
Award Recipient
:
ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3821-6221
M. J. Milloy
Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000245, Michael Smith Foundation for Health Research;
Award Recipient
:
ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3821-6221
M. J. Milloy
This study is supported by the US National Institutes on Drug Abuse (
https://www.drugabuse.gov; award numbers U01DA038886 [VIDUS, PI: TK] and U01DA021525 [ACCESS, PI: M-JM]). SL
is supported through doctoral award funding from the Canadian Institutes of Health
Research (CIHR;
http://www.cihr-irsc.gc.ca) and the Pierre Elliott Trudeau Foundation (
http://www.trudeaufoundation.ca/en). M-JM is supported a New Investigator Award from CIHR and a Scholar Award from the
Michael Smith Foundation for Health Research (
https://www.msfhr.org). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision
to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Subject:
Research Article
Subject:
Medicine and Health Sciences
Subject:
Pharmacology
Subject:
Behavioral Pharmacology
Subject:
Recreational Drug Use
Subject:
Cannabis
Subject:
Medicine and Health Sciences
Subject:
Pharmacology
Subject:
Drugs
Subject:
Analgesics
Subject:
Opioids
Subject:
Medicine and Health Sciences
Subject:
Pain Management
Subject:
Analgesics
Subject:
Opioids
Subject:
Medicine and Health Sciences
Subject:
Pharmacology
Subject:
Drugs
Subject:
Opioids
Subject:
Medicine and Health Sciences
Subject:
Pain Management
Subject:
Biology and Life Sciences
Subject:
Psychology
Subject:
Addiction
Subject:
Addicts
Subject:
Drug Users
Subject:
Social Sciences
Subject:
Psychology
Subject:
Addiction
Subject:
Addicts
Subject:
Drug Users
Subject:
Biology and Life Sciences
Subject:
Microbiology
Subject:
Medical Microbiology
Subject:
Microbial Pathogens
Subject:
Viral Pathogens
Subject:
Immunodeficiency Viruses
Subject:
HIV
Subject:
Medicine and Health Sciences
Subject:
Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
Subject:
Pathogens
Subject:
Microbial Pathogens
Subject:
Viral Pathogens
Subject:
Immunodeficiency Viruses
Subject:
HIV
Subject:
Biology and Life Sciences
Subject:
Organisms
Subject:
Viruses
Subject:
Viral Pathogens
Subject:
Immunodeficiency Viruses
Subject:
HIV
Subject:
Biology and Life Sciences
Subject:
Organisms
Subject:
Viruses
Subject:
Immunodeficiency Viruses
Subject:
HIV
Subject:
Biology and life sciences
Subject:
Organisms
Subject:
Viruses
Subject:
RNA viruses
Subject:
Retroviruses
Subject:
Lentivirus
Subject:
HIV
Subject:
Biology and Life Sciences
Subject:
Microbiology
Subject:
Medical Microbiology
Subject:
Microbial Pathogens
Subject:
Viral Pathogens
Subject:
Retroviruses
Subject:
Lentivirus
Subject:
HIV
Subject:
Medicine and Health Sciences
Subject:
Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
Subject:
Pathogens
Subject:
Microbial Pathogens
Subject:
Viral Pathogens
Subject:
Retroviruses
Subject:
Lentivirus
Subject:
HIV
Subject:
Biology and Life Sciences
Subject:
Organisms
Subject:
Viruses
Subject:
Viral Pathogens
Subject:
Retroviruses
Subject:
Lentivirus
Subject:
HIV
Subject:
Medicine and Health Sciences
Subject:
Pharmacology
Subject:
Behavioral Pharmacology
Subject:
Recreational Drug Use
Subject:
Heroin
Subject:
Medicine and Health Sciences
Subject:
Pharmacology
Subject:
Behavioral Pharmacology
Subject:
Recreational Drug Use
Subject:
Medicine and Health Sciences
Subject:
Diagnostic Medicine
Subject:
Signs and Symptoms
Subject:
Pain
Subject:
Neuropathic Pain
Subject:
Medicine and Health Sciences
Subject:
Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
Subject:
Signs and Symptoms
Subject:
Pain
Subject:
Neuropathic Pain