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      Mealtime Environment and Control of Food Intake in Healthy Children and in Children with Gastrointestinal Diseases

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          Abstract

          Parental feeding practices and mealtime routine significantly influence a child’s eating behavior. The aim of this study was to investigate the mealtime environment in healthy children and children with gastrointestinal diseases. We conducted a cross-sectional case–control study among 787 healthy, typically developing children and 141 children with gastrointestinal diseases, aged two to seven years. Parents were asked to provide data on demographics and describe their mealtime environment by answering to 24 closed-ended questions. It was found that the majority of the children had the same number of meals every day and at the same hour. Parents of both groups exerted considerable control on the child’s food intake by deciding both when and what their child eats. Almost one third of the parents also decided how much their child eats. The two groups differed significantly in nine of the 24 questions. The study showed that both groups provided structured and consistent mealtime environments. However, a significant proportion of children did not control how much they eat which might impede their ability to self-regulate eating. The presence of a gastrointestinal disease was found to be associated with reduced child autonomy, hampered hunger cues and frequent use of distractions during meals.

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          Most cited references58

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          Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: tests for correlation and regression analyses.

          G*Power is a free power analysis program for a variety of statistical tests. We present extensions and improvements of the version introduced by Faul, Erdfelder, Lang, and Buchner (2007) in the domain of correlation and regression analyses. In the new version, we have added procedures to analyze the power of tests based on (1) single-sample tetrachoric correlations, (2) comparisons of dependent correlations, (3) bivariate linear regression, (4) multiple linear regression based on the random predictor model, (5) logistic regression, and (6) Poisson regression. We describe these new features and provide a brief introduction to their scope and handling.
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            Comprehensive Feeding Practices Questionnaire: validation of a new measure of parental feeding practices.

            Measures of parents' feeding practices have focused primarily on parental control of feeding and have not sufficiently measured other potentially important practices. The current study validates a new measure of feeding practices, the Comprehensive Feeding Practices Questionnaire (CFPQ). The first study validated a 9-factor feeding practice scale for mothers and fathers. In the second study, open-ended questions solicited feeding practices from parents to develop a more comprehensive measure of parental feeding. The third study validated an expanded 12-factor feeding practices measure with mothers of children from 2 to 8 years of age. The CFPQ appears to be an adequate tool for measuring the feeding practices of parents of young children. Researchers, clinicians, and health educators might use this measure to better understand how parents feed their children, the factors that contribute to these practices, and the implications of these practices on children's eating behaviors.
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              Guidelines on eosinophilic esophagitis: evidence-based statements and recommendations for diagnosis and management in children and adults.

              Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is one of the most prevalent esophageal diseases and the leading cause of dysphagia and food impaction in children and young adults. This underlines the importance of optimizing diagnosys and treatment of the condition, especially after the increasing amount of knowledge on EoE recently published. Therefore, the UEG, EAACI ESPGHAN, and EUREOS deemed it necessary to update the current guidelines regarding conceptual and epidemiological aspects, diagnosis, and treatment of EoE.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Children (Basel)
                Children (Basel)
                children
                Children
                MDPI
                2227-9067
                23 January 2021
                February 2021
                : 8
                : 2
                : 77
                Affiliations
                [1 ]4th Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, General “Papageorgiou” Hospital, 56403 Thessaloniki, Greece; elpisemfot@ 123456hotmail.com (E.E.-F.); aeevange@ 123456auth.gr (A.E.); mfotoul@ 123456otenet.gr (M.F.)
                [2 ]1st E.N.T. Department, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; nan@ 123456med.auth.gr
                [3 ]Hellenic Centre for Mental Health and Research, Adult Psychiatric Unit, Department of Thessaloniki, 55337 Thessaloniki, Greece; eliasandreoulakis@ 123456gmail.com
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: sdravouk@ 123456tcd.ie
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2495-4584
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6433-872X
                Article
                children-08-00077
                10.3390/children8020077
                7912501
                33498758
                1ed7b1e0-61ff-4a61-a7a6-be488df4c763
                © 2021 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 29 December 2020
                : 20 January 2021
                Categories
                Article

                feeding problems,mealtime structure,food intake,parental feeding practices,gastrointestinal diseases

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