Symptom Clusters in Patients with Cancer in the Hospice/Palliative Care Setting

Abstract

Purpose

We determined commonly experienced symptoms reported by adult patients with cancer admitted to urban, ethnically diverse hospice settings and identified symptom clusters.

Methods

We used hierarchical cluster analysis of 150 patients (41% male, 20–92 years [M=59, SD=13.3], 51% African American, 37% Caucasian, 12% other). Using pen-tablet computers, participants completed the Symptom Distress Scale (SDS), a sleep quality item and listed analgesics consumed in the previous 24 hours.

Results

Four symptom clusters were identified: Cluster 1 (Pain-Fatigue) consisted of pain frequency, fatigue, and pain intensity; Cluster 2 (Ingestion-Elimination) consisted of appetite and bowel problems; Cluster 3 (General Well-Being) consisted of insomnia, appearance, and outlook; Cluster 4 (Respiratory-Nausea-Concentration) consisting of breathing, cough, nausea frequency, nausea intensity, and concentration. There were no significant differences between Caucasians and African Americans on total SDS scores, analgesic consumption, sleep quality or most cluster scores.

Conclusion

This is the first symptom cluster analysis in a U.S. sample with a sizeable proportion of minority hospice/palliative care patients with cancer. Further research to determine the stability of identified symptom clusters over time and discovery of the biological interactions of symptoms within the cluster may lead to symptom management therapies designed for the alleviation of all clustered symptoms.