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      The diagnostic accuracy of three rapid diagnostic tests for typhoid fever at Chittagong Medical College Hospital, Chittagong, Bangladesh

      research-article
      1 , 2 , 3 , 1 , 4 , 5 , 5 , 5 , 5 , 1 , 6 , 1 , 4 , 7 , 8 , , CMCH Typhoid Study Group , , , , , , , , , , , , ,   , , , ,
      Tropical Medicine & International Health
      John Wiley and Sons Inc.
      typhoid fever, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, blood culture, real‐time PCR, rapid diagnostic tests, diagnostic accuracy, fièvre typhoïde, Salmonella enterica sérotype typhi, culture de sang, PCR en temps réel, tests de diagnostic rapide, précision diagnostique

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          Abstract

          Objective

          To determine the diagnostic accuracy of three rapid diagnostic tests ( RDTs) for typhoid fever in febrile hospitalised patients in Bangladesh.

          Methods

          Febrile adults and children admitted to Chittagong Medical College Hospital, Bangladesh, were investigated with Bact/Alert ® blood cultures and real‐time PCR to detect Salmonella enterica Typhi and Paratyphi A and assays for Rickettsia, leptospirosis and dengue fever. Acute serum samples were examined with the LifeAssay ( LA) Test‐it™ Typhoid IgM lateral flow assay detecting IgM antibodies against S. Typhi O antigen, CTKBiotech Onsite Typhoid IgG/IgM Combo Rapid‐test cassette lateral flow assay detecting IgG and IgM antibodies against S. Typhi O and H antigens and SD Bioline line assay for IgG and IgM antibodies against S. Typhi proteins.

          Results

          In 300 malaria smear‐negative febrile patients [median ( IQR) age of 13.5 (5–31) years], 34 (11.3%) had confirmed typhoid fever: 19 positive by blood culture for S. Typhi (three blood PCR positive) and 15 blood culture negative but PCR positive for S. Typhi in blood. The respective sensitivity and specificity of the three RDTs in patients using a composite reference standard of blood culture and/or PCR‐confirmed typhoid fever were 59% and 61% for LifeAssay, 59% and 74% for the CTK IgM and/or IgG, and 24% and 96% for the SD Bioline RDT IgM and/or IgG. The LifeAssay  RDT had a sensitivity of 63% and a specificity of 91% when modified with a positive cut‐off of ≥2+ and analysed using a Bayesian latent class model.

          Conclusions

          These typhoid RDTs demonstrated moderate diagnostic accuracies, and better tests are needed.

          Translated abstract

          Objectif

          Déterminer la précision diagnostique de trois tests de diagnostic rapide ( TDR) pour la fièvre typhoïde chez les patients fébriles hospitalisés au Bangladesh.

          Méthodes

          Les adultes et enfants fébriles admis à l'hôpital de Chittagong Medical College, au Bangladesh ont été investigués avec: BactAlert ® pour les cultures de sang, la PCR en temps réel pour détecter S. enterica typhi et paratyphi A et les tests pour Rickettsia, la leptospirose et la fièvre de la dengue. Des échantillons de sérum prélevé en phase aiguë ont été examinés avec le test LifeAssay ( LA) Test‐it Typhoïd IgM à écoulement latéral détectant les anticorps IgM contre l'antigène O de S. typhi, le test CTKBiotech Onsite Typhoïd IgG/IgM Combo Rapid‐test cassette à écoulement latéral détectant les anticorps IgG et IgM contre antigènes O et H de S. typhi et le test SD Bioline pour les anticorps IgG et IgM contre les protéines de S. typhi.

          Résultats

          Sur 300 patients fébriles avec à frottis négatif pour le paludisme (âge médian ( IQR): 13,5 ans (5 à 31)), 34 (11,3%) ont eu la fièvre typhoïde confirmée: 19 positifs par la culture de sang pour S. typhi (3 échantillons de sang positif avec la PCR) et 15 hémocultures négatives, mais positives pour S. typhi par la PCR sur le sang. La sensibilité et la spécificité respectives des trois TDR chez les patients, en utilisant un standard de référence composé de la culture de sang et/ou la PCR pour confirmer la fièvre typhoïde, était de 36% et 89% pour le LifeAssay, 54% et 74% pour le CTK IgM et/ou IgG et 21% et 97% pour le SD Bioline IgM et/ou IgG. Le TDR LifeAssay avait une sensibilité de 63% et une spécificité de 91% lorsqu'il était modifié pour un seuil de positivité fixé à ≥ 2+ et analysé en utilisant un modèle de structure latente bayésienne.

          Conclusions

          Ces TDR pour la typhoïde ont démontré des précisions diagnostiques modérées; de meilleurs tests sont donc toujours nécessaires.

          Translated abstract

          Objetivo

          Determinar la precisión diagnóstica de tres pruebas de diagnóstico rápido ( PDR) para la fiebre tifoidea en pacientes hospitalizados y con fiebre en Bangladesh.

          Métodos

          A pacientes adultos y niños, febriles y hospitalizados en el Hospital Universitario de Chittagong, se les realizaron las siguientes pruebas: hemocultivo con BactAlert ®; PCR a tiempo real para detectar S.enterica typhi y paratyphi A; y pruebas para Rickettsia, leptospirosis y fiebre del dengue. A las muestras de suero de pacientes en fase aguda se les realizaron las siguientes pruebas: detección de anticuerpos IgM frente a al antígeno O de S.typhi con el inmunoensayo de flujo lateral LifeAssay ( LA) Test‐it ; la prueba rápida CTKBiotech Onsite Tifoidea IgG/IgM Combo en casete para la detección de anticuerpos IgG e IgM frente a los antígenos O y H de S. typhi; y la prueba rápida SD Bioline para detección de anticuerpos IgG e IgM frente a proteínas de S. typhi.

          Resultados

          De 300 pacientes febriles con resultados negativos para malaria (edad media de 13.5 (5‐31) años), 34 (11.3%) tenían fiebre tifoidea confirmada: 19 con cultivo positivo para S. typhi (3 con PCR positiva en sangre); 15 con hemocultivo negativo pero con resultados positivo para la PCR de S. typhi en sangre. La sensibilidad y especificidad respectiva para las tres PDRs en pacientes, utilizando un estándar de referencia compuesto de fiebre tifoidea confirmada por hemocultivo y/o PCR eran 36% y 89% para LifeAssay, 54% y 74% para CTK IgM y/o IgG y 21% y 97% para la PDR de SD Bioline IgM y/o IgG. La PDR de LifeAssay tenía una sensibilidad del 63% y una especificidad del 91% cuando se modificaba con un punto de corte positivo de ≥2+ y se analizaba utilizando un modelo Bayesiano de clases latentes.

          Conclusiones

          Estas PDR para fiebre tifoidea demuestran una precisión diagnóstica moderada y se necesitan mejores pruebas.

          Related collections

          Most cited references21

          • Record: found
          • Abstract: found
          • Article: not found

          Bayesian approaches to modeling the conditional dependence between multiple diagnostic tests.

          Many analyses of results from multiple diagnostic tests assume the tests are statistically independent conditional on the true disease status of the subject. This assumption may be violated in practice, especially in situations where none of the tests is a perfectly accurate gold standard. Classical inference for models accounting for the conditional dependence between tests requires that results from at least four different tests be used in order to obtain an identifiable solution, but it is not always feasible to have results from this many tests. We use a Bayesian approach to draw inferences about the disease prevalence and test properties while adjusting for the possibility of conditional dependence between tests, particularly when we have only two tests. We propose both fixed and random effects models. Since with fewer than four tests the problem is nonidentifiable, the posterior distributions are strongly dependent on the prior information about the test properties and the disease prevalence, even with large sample sizes. If the degree of correlation between the tests is known a priori with high precision, then our methods adjust for the dependence between the tests. Otherwise, our methods provide adjusted inferences that incorporate all of the uncertainty inherent in the problem, typically resulting in wider interval estimates. We illustrate our methods using data from a study on the prevalence of Strongyloides infection among Cambodian refugees to Canada.
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            • Article: not found

            Development of a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction assay specific for Orientia tsutsugamushi.

            Two specific and sensitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays were developed to detect and quantitate Orientia tsutsugamushi, the agent of scrub typhus, using a portion of the 47-kD outer membrane protein antigen/ high temperature requirement A gene as the target. A selected 47-kD protein gene primer pair amplified a 118-basepair fragment from all 26 strains of O. tsutsugamushi evaluated, but it did not produce amplicons when 17 Rickettsia and 18 less-related bacterial nucleic acid extracts were tested. Similar agent specificity for the real-time PCR assay, which used the same primers and a 31-basepair fluorescent probe, was demonstrated. This sensitive and quantitative assay determination of the content of O. tsutsugamushi nucleic acid used a plasmid containing the entire 47-kD gene from the Kato strain as a standard. Enumeration of the copies of O. tsutsugamushi DNA extracted from infected tissues from mice and monkeys following experimental infection with Orientia showed 27-5552 copies/microL of mouse blood, 14448-86012 copies/microL of mouse liver/spleen homogenate, and 3-21 copies/microL of monkey blood.
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              • Article: not found

              Quantitation of bacteria in blood of typhoid fever patients and relationship between counts and clinical features, transmissibility, and antibiotic resistance.

              Salmonella typhi was isolated from 369 and Salmonella paratyphi A was isolated from 6 of 515 Vietnamese patients with suspected enteric fever. Compared with conventional broth culture of blood, direct plating of the buffy coat had a diagnostic sensitivity of 99.5% (95% confidence interval [CI], 97.1 to 100%). Blood bacterial counts were estimated by the pour plate method. The median S. typhi count in blood was 1 CFU/ml (range, <0.3 to 387 CFU/ml), of which a mean of 63% (95% CI, 58 to 67%) were intracellular. The mean number of bacteria per infected leukocyte was 1.3 (interquartile range [IQR], 0.7 to 2.4) CFU/cell (n = 81). Children (< 15 years old; n = 115) had higher median blood bacterial counts than adults (n = 262): 1.5 (range, <0.3 to 387) versus 0.6 (range, <0.3 to 17.7) CFU/ml (P = 0.008), and patients who excreted S. typhi in feces had higher bacteremias than those who did not: a median of 3 (range, <0.3 to 32) versus 1 (range, <0.3 to 68) CFU/ml (P = 0.02). Blood bacterial counts declined with increasing duration of illness (P = 0.002) and were higher in infections caused by multidrug-resistant S. typhi (1.3 [range, <0.3 to 387] CFU/ml; n = 313) than in infections caused by antibiotic-sensitive S. typhi (0.5 [range, <0.3 to 32] CFU/ml; n = 62) (P = 0.006). In a multivariate analysis this proved to be an independent association, suggesting a relationship between antibiotic resistance and virulence in S. typhi.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Trop Med Int Health
                Trop. Med. Int. Health
                10.1111/(ISSN)1365-3156
                TMI
                Tropical Medicine & International Health
                John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )
                1360-2276
                1365-3156
                15 July 2015
                October 2015
                : 20
                : 10 ( doiID: 10.1111/tmi.2015.20.issue-10 )
                : 1376-1384
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] Mahidol‐Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU) Faculty of Tropical MedicineMahidol University BangkokThailand
                [ 2 ] Department of Internal MedicineDivision of Infectious Diseases and Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA) AmsterdamThe Netherlands
                [ 3 ] Center for Experimental Molecular Medicine (CEMM) Academic Medical CenterUniversity of Amsterdam AmsterdamThe Netherlands
                [ 4 ] Clinical SciencesLiverpool School of Tropical Medicine LiverpoolUK
                [ 5 ]Chittagong Medical College Hospital ChittagongBangladesh
                [ 6 ]Centre for Specialized Care and Research ChittagongBangladesh
                [ 7 ]London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine LondonUK
                [ 8 ] School of Tropical Medicine and Global HealthNagasaki University NagasakiJapan
                Author notes
                [*] [* ] Corresponding Author Christopher M. Parry, Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK. Tel.: +44 (0)20 7927 2256; Fax +44 (0)20 7637 4314; E‐mail: chris.parry@ 123456lshtm.ac.uk
                [†]

                Members of CMCH Typhoid Study Group are provided in Appendix  1.

                Article
                TMI12559
                10.1111/tmi.12559
                4832346
                26094960
                1f482e75-0b1e-4bcf-82b8-fc02f6d44783
                © 2015 The Authors. Tropical Medicine & International Health Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

                This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Page count
                Pages: 9
                Funding
                Funded by: Wellcome Trust of Great Britain
                Categories
                Original Article
                Original Research Papers
                Custom metadata
                2.0
                tmi12559
                October 2015
                Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_NLMPMC version:4.8.6 mode:remove_FC converted:22.04.2016

                Medicine
                typhoid fever,salmonella enterica serovar typhi,blood culture,real‐time pcr,rapid diagnostic tests,diagnostic accuracy,fièvre typhoïde,salmonella enterica sérotype typhi,culture de sang,pcr en temps réel,tests de diagnostic rapide,précision diagnostique

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