The potential effect of the so-called endocrine disruptors (EDCs) or xenoestrogens
on human health and the proven effect on wildlife have got considerable attention
in the scientific community. Endocrine disruption represents one of the most controversial
environmental issues despite the fact that many substances, both natural and artificial,
have been recognized to interfere with endocrine signaling pathways. Such interactions
have been documented both in laboratory animal studies as well as in vitro. However,
in humans there is limited evidence of endocrine disruption caused by EDCs. EDCs are
a large group of persistent organic pollutants (POPs), such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins
(PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polybrominated
ethers (PBDEs), chloronaphtalenes (PCNs), and bisphenol A (BPA), stable, lipophilic
pollutants that affect fertility and cause serious reproductive problems. Xenoestrogens
are synthetic compounds, but there are also numerous natural molecules in food that
exhibit estrogen-mimetic activities. These natural molecules are mainly phytoestrogens
isoflavones, and the most consumed are genistein and daidzein. Additionally, certain
mushrooms or fungi can contain estrogen-like compounds called mycoestrogens.
Xenoestrogens activities in oocyte, ovary, placenta, and mammary gland and in the
consequent serious reproductive problems, including ototoxic action, lack of ovulation,
premature ovarian failure (POF), or polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) are discussed
in the review E. Gregoraszczuk and A. Ptak “Endocrine-disrupting chemicals: some actions
of POPs on female reproduction.”
G. Kerdivel et al., in their paper “Assessment and molecular actions of endocrine-disrupting
chemicals that interfere with estrogen receptor pathways” discuss different molecular
actions of some of the major xenoestrogens found in food or the environment and summarize
the current models used to evaluate environmental estrogens. This paper is accompanied
by clinical study of Caserta et al. “Correlation of endocrine disrupting chemicals
serum levels and white blood cells gene expression of nuclear receptors in a population
of infertile women” compares the internal exposure to bisphenol A (BPA), perfluorooctane
sulphonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), monoethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP),
and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in serum samples of 111 infertile women and
44 fertile women and analyses levels of gene expression of nuclear receptors (ERα,
ERβ, AR, AhR, PXR, and PPARγ) as biomarkers of effective dose.
Two of the papers deal with aspects of alkylphenols action as endocrine disruptors.
The paper by B. Yi et al. “Association between endocrine disrupting phenols in colostrums
and maternal and infant health” showed that most neonates who are exposed to BPA rather
than NP or OP via colostrum are recommended continuous biomonitoring of the phenols
to clarify their suspected health risk on neonates and pregnant or gestation mothers.
Furthermore, A. Hejmej in their paper “Photoperiod-dependent effects of 4-tert-octylphenol
on adherens and gap junction proteins in bank vole seminiferous tubules” evaluating
in vivo and in vitro effects of 4-tert-octylphenol (OP) on the expression and distribution
of adherens and gap junction proteins, N-cadherin, β-catenin, and connexin 43 (Cx43),
in testes showed that long-term treatment with OP resulted in the reduction of junction
proteins expressions independent of FSH indicating that OP acts directly on adherens
and gap junction proteins in the testes.
I. Wocławek-Potocka et al. in their paper “Diverse effects of phytoestrogens on the
reproductive performance: cow as a model” review how exposure of soybean-derived phytoestrogens
can have adverse effects on reproductive performance in female adults. Authors suggest
that these findings should be specially taken into consideration when recommendations
are made regarding dietary or therapeutic phytoestrogen intake in humans. Particularly
that they are commonly recognized as therapeutic compounds.
Polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) are new player as endocrine disruptors. Data concerning
their potency and action on ovarian function are scarce. Dr J. Barc et al. in their
paper “Action of halowax 1051 on enzymes of phase I (CYP1A1) and phase II (SULT1A
and COMT) metabolism in the pig ovary” describe local ovarian metabolism of PCNs in
ovarian tissue and suggest that fast activation of phase I enzymes with simultaneous
inhibition of phase II enzymes indicates that androgenic action of PCNs on follicular
steroidogenesis may partially result from metabolite action occurring locally in ovarian
follicles.
To complete the issue, B. Ayala-García et al. revise current knowledge about the epigenetic
mechanisms that underlie the effects of EDs on phenotypic variability and plasticity
to stress the value of using the information derived from experiments with EDs to
unveil the mechanisms that underlie phenotypic variability and speciation through
epigenetic phenotypic plasticity.
Taking into account that in this special issue have been published review articles,
research articles and clinical studies, we hope that the information published in
this special issue enriches the knowledge of our readers and scholars interested in
the influence of xenobiotics on human health.
Ewa L. Gregoraszczuk
Radmila Kovacevic