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      DIAGNÓSTICO EM ANAPLASMOSE BOVINA Translated title: DIAGNOSIS IN BOVINE ANAPLASMOSIS

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          Abstract

          Anaplasma marginale (THEILER 1910) é uma rickettsia intra-eritrocitária obrigatória de ruminantes susceptíveis, transmitida biológica e mecanicamente por carrapatos e insetos hematófagos. Ela determina o aparecimento de formas clínicas aguda, superaguda, leve e/ou crônica, com um período pré-patente de 20 a 40 dias seguido por parasitemia e intensa anemia, provocando perdas com um custo estimado de 40 milhões de dólares anuais; está amplamente distribuída nas regiões tropicais, subtropicais e temperadas do mundo. A. marginale confere imunidade de origem humoral e celular que não é dependente de infecção persistente. O diagnóstico é baseado em sinais clínicos, detecção do microrganismo no sangue, anticorpos no soro ou alterações patológicas post mortem. O objetivo deste trabalho é reunir informações sobre aspectos de diagnóstico da anaplasmose bovina.

          Translated abstract

          Anaplasma marginale (THEILER, 1910), a rickettsial hemoparasite of ruminants, is transmited biologically and mecanically by ticks and haematofagous insects. It has a pre-patent period of 20 to 40 days, followed by high parasitemia and severe anemia. Infected animals can develop a mild, aguda, hiperaguda or cronic clinical forms of the disease. A. marginale has an worldwide distribuition with high incidence in tropical and subtropical regions. A. marginale promove an immunity not dependent of a persistent infection, involving both, humural and celular immunological mechanisms. Diagnosis is based on clinical signs, detection of the microrganisms on the blood, antibodies on the serum or post-mortem pathological changes. Informations about the diagnostic aspects of anaplasmosis are reviewed.

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          Impact of persistent Anaplasma marginale rickettsemia on tick infection and transmission.

          Anaplasma marginale, an intraerythrocytic rickettsia of cattle, is transmitted biologically by ticks. Because of the brevity of acute A. marginale infection, transmission may rely on the tick's ability to acquire the organism from persistently infected cattle with low rickettsemia levels. By using a nucleic acid probe to quantitate low-level infection, we found that rickettsemia levels in persistently infected cattle fluctuated at approximately 5-week intervals during a 24-week period, from < 10(4) infected erythrocytes per ml of blood to high levels of approximately 10(7) infected erythrocytes per ml of blood. Cattle maintained very low rickettsemia levels (< 10(4.3) infected erythrocytes per ml of blood) for approximately 4 to 8 days of every 5-week cycle. The effect of fluctuations in rickettsemia in persistently infected cattle on acquisition by Dermacentor andersoni nymphal and adult male ticks was examined. A positive correlation was observed between rickettsemia levels in cattle and the resulting infection rates of ticks. At high rickettsemia levels, up to 80% of ticks acquired infection, but even at extremely low rickettsemia levels, 27% of adult male ticks became infected. Moreover, once ticks acquired infection, biological replication of the organism within the ticks appeared to make up for initial differences in the infecting dose. The high infection rates in adult males, combined with their intermittent feeding behavior and the observation that only a few infected ticks were required for transmission to a susceptible host, suggest that adult male D. andersoni ticks are epidemiologically important in A. marginale transmission. Because cattle with all levels of rickettsemia were capable of efficient transmission to ticks, population control efforts must include decreasing transmission from persistently infected individuals.
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            Recent applications of the Dot-ELISA in immunoparasitology.

            The dot enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Dot-ELISA) is a highly versatile solid-phase immunoassay for antibody or antigen detection. The assay uses minute amounts of reagent dotted onto solid surfaces such as nitrocellulose and other paper membranes which avidly bind proteins. After incubation with antigen-specific antibody and enzyme-conjugated anti-antibody, the addition of a precipitable, chromogenic substrate causes the formation of a colored dot on the solid phase which is visually read. The Dot-ELISA has been used extensively in the detection of human and veterinary protozoan and metazoan parasitic diseases, including amebiasis, babesiosis, fascioliasis, cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis, cysticercosis, echinococcosis, malaria, schistosomiasis, toxocariasis, toxoplasmosis, trichinosis, trypanosomiasis and even ixodid tick infestation. The technique is rapid, easy to perform and interpret, reagent conservative, cost effective and field portable. In addition, the Dot-ELISA may be configured to detect antibodies or parasite antigen in either microtiter plates for large-batch testing or with dipsticks for small numbers of determinations. A slight modification of the Dot-ELISA procedure allows the determination of infection rates of vectors such as ticks and sandflies with parasites.
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              Veterinary Immunology: An Introduction

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                cr
                Ciência Rural
                Cienc. Rural
                Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (Santa Maria )
                1678-4596
                April 2001
                : 31
                : 2
                : 361-368
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade Estadual de Londrina Brazil
                [2 ] Universidade Estadual de Londrina Brazil
                Article
                S0103-84782001000200028
                10.1590/S0103-84782001000200028
                1f63ac27-6cc3-4b92-a335-cb4df5b1e08b

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0103-8478&lng=en
                Categories
                AGRONOMY

                Horticulture
                Anaplasma marginale,prevalence,immunity,diagnostics,bovino,prevalência,imunidade,diagnóstico
                Horticulture
                Anaplasma marginale, prevalence, immunity, diagnostics, bovino, prevalência, imunidade, diagnóstico

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