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      Nitric Oxide as a Beneficial Signaling Molecule in Trichoderma atroviride TRS25-Induced Systemic Defense Responses of Cucumber Plants Against Rhizoctonia solani

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          Abstract

          In the present study, Trichoderma atroviride TRS25 is presented as a biological control agent, which significantly limits the development of infection and reduces the disease caused by the pathogenic fungus Rhizoctonia solani in cucumber plants ( Cucumis sativus L.). The systemic disease suppression is related to oxidative, signaling, and biochemical changes, that are triggered in response to a pathogen. Induction of systemic defense in cucumber by TRS25 greatly depends on the accumulation of signaling molecules including hydrogen peroxide (H 2O 2) and nitric oxide (NO) as well as salicylic acid (SA) and its derivatives including methyl salicylate (MeSA) and octyl salicylate (OSA). The study established that NO was accumulated in leaves and shoots of the cucumber plants, especially those pretreated with Trichoderma and inoculated with R. solani, where the compound was accumulated mainly in the cells localized in the vascular bundles and in epidermal tissues. We suggest, for the first time, that in the plants pretreated with TRS25, the accumulation of H 2O 2 and NO may be related to catalase (CAT) and S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) activity decrease. On the other hand, excessive accumulation of NO and SA may be controlled by forming their inactive forms, S-nitrosothiols (SNO) and salicylic acid glucosylated conjugates (SAGC), respectively. The obtained results suggest that the mentioned molecules may be an important component of the complex signaling network activated by TRS25, which is positively involved in systemic defense responses of cucumber plants against R. solani.

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          Induced systemic resistance by beneficial microbes.

          Beneficial microbes in the microbiome of plant roots improve plant health. Induced systemic resistance (ISR) emerged as an important mechanism by which selected plant growth-promoting bacteria and fungi in the rhizosphere prime the whole plant body for enhanced defense against a broad range of pathogens and insect herbivores. A wide variety of root-associated mutualists, including Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Trichoderma, and mycorrhiza species sensitize the plant immune system for enhanced defense without directly activating costly defenses. This review focuses on molecular processes at the interface between plant roots and ISR-eliciting mutualists, and on the progress in our understanding of ISR signaling and systemic defense priming. The central role of the root-specific transcription factor MYB72 in the onset of ISR and the role of phytohormones and defense regulatory proteins in the expression of ISR in aboveground plant parts are highlighted. Finally, the ecological function of ISR-inducing microbes in the root microbiome is discussed.
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            Superoxide dismutases: Dual roles in controlling ROS damage and regulating ROS signaling

            Wang et al. review the dual role of superoxide dismutases in controlling reactive oxygen species (ROS) damage and regulating ROS signaling across model systems as well as their involvement in human diseases.
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              Redox regulation in photosynthetic organisms: signaling, acclimation, and practical implications.

              Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have multifaceted roles in the orchestration of plant gene expression and gene-product regulation. Cellular redox homeostasis is considered to be an "integrator" of information from metabolism and the environment controlling plant growth and acclimation responses, as well as cell suicide events. The different ROS forms influence gene expression in specific and sometimes antagonistic ways. Low molecular antioxidants (e.g., ascorbate, glutathione) serve not only to limit the lifetime of the ROS signals but also to participate in an extensive range of other redox signaling and regulatory functions. In contrast to the low molecular weight antioxidants, the "redox" states of components involved in photosynthesis such as plastoquinone show rapid and often transient shifts in response to changes in light and other environmental signals. Whereas both types of "redox regulation" are intimately linked through the thioredoxin, peroxiredoxin, and pyridine nucleotide pools, they also act independently of each other to achieve overall energy balance between energy-producing and energy-utilizing pathways. This review focuses on current knowledge of the pathways of redox regulation, with discussion of the somewhat juxtaposed hypotheses of "oxidative damage" versus "oxidative signaling," within the wider context of physiological function, from plant cell biology to potential applications.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Plant Sci
                Front Plant Sci
                Front. Plant Sci.
                Frontiers in Plant Science
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1664-462X
                17 April 2019
                2019
                : 10
                : 421
                Affiliations
                Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz , Lodz, Poland
                Author notes

                Edited by: Péter Poór, University of Szeged, Hungary

                Reviewed by: László Kredics, University of Szeged, Hungary; Iwona Małgorzata Morkunas, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poland

                *Correspondence: Justyna Nawrocka, justyna.nawrocka@ 123456biol.uni.lodz.pl

                This article was submitted to Plant Microbe Interactions, a section of the journal Frontiers in Plant Science

                Article
                10.3389/fpls.2019.00421
                6478799
                31057564
                1f69ae2b-cdf8-4d22-9c9c-197119cff35f
                Copyright © 2019 Nawrocka, Gromek and Małolepsza.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 05 November 2018
                : 20 March 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 7, Tables: 0, Equations: 13, References: 92, Pages: 15, Words: 11631
                Categories
                Plant Science
                Original Research

                Plant science & Botany
                trichoderma,rhizoctonia solani,plant defense responses,signaling,nitric oxide,salicylates

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