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      Compositionally and density stratified igneous terrain in Jezero crater, Mars

      research-article
      1 , * , , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 6 , 9 , 3 , 10 , 3 , 11 , 12 , 6 , 13 , 1 , 14 , 13 , 1 , 8 , 15 , 16 , 1 , 17 , 6 , 1 , 18 , 7 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 19 , 22 , 23 , 17 , 24 , 3 , 7 , 25 , 17 , 1 , 25 , 26 , 26 , 4 , 4 , 27 , 7 , 28 , 29 , 6 , 30 , 31 , 2 , 32 , 27 , 19 , 33 , 1 , 22 , 6 , 5 , 30 , 34 , 11 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 33 , 22 , 38 , 6 , 18 , 6 , 6 , 34 , 39 , 40 , 9 , 38 , 28 , 26 , 34 , 39 , 8 , 28 , 28 , 28 , 41 , 27 , The SuperCam Team
      Science Advances
      American Association for the Advancement of Science

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          Abstract

          Before Perseverance, Jezero crater’s floor was variably hypothesized to have a lacustrine, lava, volcanic airfall, or aeolian origin. SuperCam observations in the first 286 Mars days on Mars revealed a volcanic and intrusive terrain with compositional and density stratification. The dominant lithology along the traverse is basaltic, with plagioclase enrichment in stratigraphically higher locations. Stratigraphically lower, layered rocks are richer in normative pyroxene. The lowest observed unit has the highest inferred density and is olivine-rich with coarse (1.5 millimeters) euhedral, relatively unweathered grains, suggesting a cumulate origin. This is the first martian cumulate and shows similarities to martian meteorites, which also express olivine disequilibrium. Alteration materials including carbonates, sulfates, perchlorates, hydrated silicates, and iron oxides are pervasive but low in abundance, suggesting relatively brief lacustrine conditions. Orbital observations link the Jezero floor lithology to the broader Nili-Syrtis region, suggesting that density-driven compositional stratification is a regional characteristic.

          Abstract

          Abstract

          Compositions seen by SuperCam show progressive primitive to evolved transition along the first 286 days of Perseverance’s mission.

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          The case for a wet, warm climate on early Mars

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            Orbital identification of carbonate-bearing rocks on Mars.

            Geochemical models for Mars predict carbonate formation during aqueous alteration. Carbonate-bearing rocks had not previously been detected on Mars' surface, but Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter mapping reveals a regional rock layer with near-infrared spectral characteristics that are consistent with the presence of magnesium carbonate in the Nili Fossae region. The carbonate is closely associated with both phyllosilicate-bearing and olivine-rich rock units and probably formed during the Noachian or early Hesperian era from the alteration of olivine by either hydrothermal fluids or near-surface water. The presence of carbonate as well as accompanying clays suggests that waters were neutral to alkaline at the time of its formation and that acidic weathering, proposed to be characteristic of Hesperian Mars, did not destroy these carbonates and thus did not dominate all aqueous environments.
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              Identification of hydrated silicate minerals on Mars using MRO-CRISM: Geologic context near Nili Fossae and implications for aqueous alteration

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                Journal
                Sci Adv
                Sci Adv
                sciadv
                advances
                Science Advances
                American Association for the Advancement of Science
                2375-2548
                August 2022
                25 August 2022
                : 8
                : 34
                : eabo3399
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ]Space and Planetary Exploration Team, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA.
                [ 2 ]Department of Geoscience, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA.
                [ 3 ]Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France.
                [ 4 ]Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Jean Monnet Saint Etienne, CNRS, Villeurbanne, France.
                [ 5 ]Laboratoire de Planétologie et Géosciences, CNRS UMR 6112, Nantes Université, Université d’Angers, Université du Mans, Nantes, France.
                [ 6 ]Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planetologie (IRAP), Université de Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, UPS, CNRS, CNES, Toulouse, France.
                [ 7 ]Laboratoire d’Etudes Spatiales et d’Instrumentation en Astrophysique, Observatoire de Paris-PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris Cité, Meudon, France.
                [ 8 ]Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
                [ 9 ]Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
                [ 10 ]Plancius Research, Severna Park, MD, USA.
                [ 11 ]Space Exploration Sector, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD, USA.
                [ 12 ]Department of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.
                [ 13 ]U.S. Geological Survey Astrogeology Science Center, Flagstaff, AZ, USA.
                [ 14 ]New Mexico Museum of Natural History, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
                [ 15 ]Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
                [ 16 ]Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA.
                [ 17 ]University of Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Leioa, Bilbao, Spain.
                [ 18 ]Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France.
                [ 19 ]University of Hawai‘i, Honolulu, HI, USA.
                [ 20 ]RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Stockholm, Sweden.
                [ 21 ]Center for Isotope Cosmochemistry and Geochronology, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA.
                [ 22 ]Universidad de Malaga, Malaga, Spain.
                [ 23 ]Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.
                [ 24 ]Institut de Planétologie et d’Astrophysique de Grenoble, CNRS, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.
                [ 25 ]Centre Lasers Intenses et Applications, CNRS, CEA, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.
                [ 26 ]University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
                [ 27 ]California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
                [ 28 ]Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
                [ 29 ]University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
                [ 30 ]McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
                [ 31 ]Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK.
                [ 32 ]Institut de Mécanique des Fluides, Université de Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.
                [ 33 ]Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales, CNRS, Université Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Université Paris Saclay, Sorbonne Université, Guyancourt, France.
                [ 34 ]Research Group ERICA, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain.
                [ 35 ]Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Madrid, Spain.
                [ 36 ]University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
                [ 37 ]Department of Physics and Applied Physics, Kennedy College of Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA, USA.
                [ 38 ]Institut Supérieur de l’Aéronautique et de l’Espace (ISAE-SUPAERO), Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.
                [ 39 ]Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Institute of Optical Sensor Systems, Berlin, Germany.
                [ 40 ]Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
                [ 41 ]Blue Marble Space Institute of Science, Seattle, WA, USA.
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author. Email: rwiens@ 123456purdue.edu
                [†]

                Present address: Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.

                [‡]

                List of authors and their affiliations appear in Supplementary Text.

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                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3409-7344
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                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0022-0631
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7823-7794
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9310-0742
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                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6772-9689
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                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7846-7546
                Article
                abo3399
                10.1126/sciadv.abo3399
                9410274
                36007007
                1f76a2c3-c039-4009-8bb7-e62d6bbd5233
                Copyright © 2022 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License 4.0 (CC BY-NC).

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial license, which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, so long as the resultant use is not for commercial advantage and provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 07 February 2022
                : 31 May 2022
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000104, National Aeronautics and Space Administration;
                Award ID: NNH15AZ24I
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000104, National Aeronautics and Space Administration;
                Award ID: NNH13ZDA018O
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100007000, Laboratory Directed Research and Development;
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002830, Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales;
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002946, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt;
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002946, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt;
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100007175, Conseil National de la Recherche Scientifique;
                Funded by: Swedish National Space Agency;
                Award ID: 2021-00092
                Categories
                Research Article
                Earth, Environmental, Ecological, and Space Sciences
                SciAdv r-articles
                Geochemistry
                Planetary Science
                Planetary Science
                Custom metadata
                Mjoy Azul

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