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      Incidência de sífilis congênita e fatores associados à transmissão vertical da sífilis: dados do estudo Nascer no Brasil Translated title: Incidencia de sífilis congénita y factores asociados a la transmisión vertical de la sífilis: datos del estudio Nacer en Brasil Translated title: Incidence of congenital syphilis and factors associated with vertical transmission: data from the Birth in Brazil study

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          Abstract

          Resumo: O objetivo foi estimar a incidência de sífilis congênita ao nascimento e verificar os fatores associados à transmissão vertical da sífilis. Estudo nacional, de base hospitalar, realizado em 2011-2012 com 23.894 puérperas, por meio de entrevista hospitalar, dados de prontuário e cartão de pré-natal. Realizada regressão logística univariada para verificar os fatores associados à sífilis congênita. Estimada incidência de sífilis congênita de 3,51 por mil nascidos vivos (IC95% 2,29-5,37) e taxa de transmissão vertical de 34,3% (IC95%: 24,7-45,4). Casos de sífilis congênita estiveram associados à menor escolaridade materna, cor da pele preta e maior proporção de fatores de risco para prematuridade, bem como ao início mais tardio do pré-natal, menor número de consultas e menor realização de exames sorológicos. A mortalidade fetal foi seis vezes superior nos casos de sífilis congênita, e recém-natos com sífilis congênita apresentaram maior frequência de internação. A sífilis congênita persiste como problema de saúde pública, estando associada à maior vulnerabilidade social e falhas na assistência pré-natal.

          Translated abstract

          Resumen: El objetivo fue estimar la incidencia de sífilis congénita en el nacimiento y verificar los factores asociados a la transmisión vertical de la sífilis. Se realizó un estudio nacional, de base hospitalaria, realizado en 2011-2012 con 23.894 puérperas, mediante una entrevista hospitalaria, datos de historial médico y tarjeta de prenatal. Se realizó una regresión logística univariada para verificar los factores asociados a la sífilis congénita. Se estimó la incidencia de sífilis congénita de un 3,51 por 1.000 nacidos vivos (IC95%: 2,29-5,37) y tasa de transmisión vertical de un 34,3% (IC95%: 24,7-45,4). Los casos de sífilis congénita estuvieron asociados a una menor escolaridad materna, ser afrobrasileño y una mayor proporción de factores de riesgo para partos prematuros, así como al inicio más tardío del seguimiento prenatal, menor número de consultas y menor realización de exámenes serológicos. La mortalidad fetal fue seis veces superior en los casos de sífilis congénita y los recién nacidos con sífilis congénita presentaron una mayor frecuencia de internamiento. La sífilis congénita persiste como un problema de salud pública, estando asociada a una mayor vulnerabilidad social y fallos en la asistencia prenatal.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract: The objectives were to estimate incidence of congenital syphilis and verify factors associated with vertical transmission. A national hospital-based study was performed in 2011-2012 with 23,894 postpartum women using an in-hospital interview and data from patient charts and prenatal cards. Univariate logistic regression was performed to verify factors associated with congenital syphilis. Estimated incidence of congenital syphilis was 3.51 per 1,000 live births (95%CI: 2.29-5.37) and vertical transmission rate was 34.3% (95%CI: 24.7-45.4). Congenital syphilis was associated with lower maternal schooling, black skin color, higher rate of risk factors for prematurity, late initiation of prenatal care, fewer prenatal visits, and lower rate of prenatal serological testing. Fetal mortality was six times higher in congenital syphilis, and newborns with congenital syphilis showed higher hospital admission rates. Congenital syphilis is a persistent public health problem in Brazil and is associated with greater social vulnerability and gaps in prenatal care.

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          Assistência pré-natal no Brasil

          O estudo tem por objetivo analisar a assistência pré-natal oferecida às gestantes usuárias de serviços de saúde públicos e/ou privados utilizando dados da pesquisa Nascer no Brasil, realizada em 2011 e 2012. As informações foram obtidas por meio de entrevista com a puérpera durante a internação hospitalar e dados do cartão de pré- natal. Os resultados mostram cobertura elevada da assistência pré-natal (98,7%) tendo 75,8% das mulheres iniciado o pré-natal antes da 16a semana gestacional e 73,1% compareceram a seis ou mais consultas. O pré-natal foi realizado, sobretudo, em unidades básicas (89,6%), públicas (74,6%), pelo mesmo profissional (88,4%), em sua maioria médicos (75,6%), e 96% receberam o cartão de pré-natal. Um quarto das gestantes foi considerado de risco. Do total das entrevistadas, apenas 58,7% foram orientadas sobre a maternidade de referência, e 16,2% procuraram mais de um serviço para a admissão para o parto. Desafios persistem para a melhoria da qualidade dessa assistência, com a realização de procedimentos efetivos para a redução de desfechos desfavoráveis.
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            Birth in Brazil: national survey into labour and birth

            Background Caesarean section rates in Brazil have been steadily increasing. In 2009, for the first time, the number of children born by this type of procedure was greater than the number of vaginal births. Caesarean section is associated with a series of adverse effects on the women and newborn, and recent evidence suggests that the increasing rates of prematurity and low birth weight in Brazil are associated to the increasing rates of Caesarean section and labour induction. Methods Nationwide hospital-based cohort study of postnatal women and their offspring with follow-up at 45 to 60 days after birth. The sample was stratified by geographic macro-region, type of the municipality and by type of hospital governance. The number of postnatal women sampled was 23,940, distributed in 191 municipalities throughout Brazil. Two electronic questionnaires were applied to the postnatal women, one baseline face-to-face and one follow-up telephone interview. Two other questionnaires were filled with information on patients’ medical records and to assess hospital facilities. The primary outcome was the percentage of Caesarean sections (total, elective and according to Robson’s groups). Secondary outcomes were: post-partum pain; breastfeeding initiation; severe/near miss maternal morbidity; reasons for maternal mortality; prematurity; low birth weight; use of oxygen use after birth and mechanical ventilation; admission to neonatal ICU; stillbirths; neonatal mortality; readmission in hospital; use of surfactant; asphyxia; severe/near miss neonatal morbidity. The association between variables were investigated using bivariate, stratified and multivariate model analyses. Statistical tests were applied according to data distribution and homogeneity of variances of groups to be compared. All analyses were taken into consideration for the complex sample design. Discussion This study, for the first time, depicts a national panorama of labour and birth outcomes in Brazil. Regardless of the socioeconomic level, demand for Caesarean section appears to be based on the belief that the quality of obstetric care is closely associated to the technology used in labour and birth. Within this context, it was justified to conduct a nationwide study to understand the reasons that lead pregnant women to submit to Caesarean sections and to verify any association between this type of birth and it’s consequences on postnatal health.
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              Lives Saved Tool supplement detection and treatment of syphilis in pregnancy to reduce syphilis related stillbirths and neonatal mortality

              Background Globally syphilis is an important yet preventable cause of stillbirth, neonatal mortality and morbidity. Objectives This review sought to estimate the effect of detection and treatment of active syphilis in pregnancy with at least 2.4MU benzathine penicillin (or equivalent) on syphilis-related stillbirths and neonatal mortality. Methods We conducted a systematic literature review of multiple databases to identify relevant studies. Data were abstracted into standardised tables and the quality of evidence was assessed using adapted GRADE criteria. Where appropriate, meta-analyses were undertaken. Results Moderate quality evidence (3 studies) supports a reduction in the incidence of clinical congenital syphilis of 97% (95% c.i 93 – 98%) with detection and treatment of women with active syphilis in pregnancy with at least 2.4MU penicillin. The results of meta-analyses suggest that treatment with penicillin is associated with an 82% reduction in stillbirth (95% c.i. 67 – 90%) (8 studies), a 64% reduction in preterm delivery (95% c.i. 53 – 73%) (7 studies) and an 80% reduction in neonatal deaths (95% c.i. 68 – 87%) (5 studies). Although these effect estimates were large and remarkably consistent across studies, few of the studies adjusted for potential confounding factors and thus the overall quality of the evidence was considered low. However, given these large observed effects and a clear biological mechanism for effectiveness the GRADE recommendation is strong. Conclusion Detection and appropriate, timely penicillin treatment is a highly effective intervention to reduce adverse syphilis-related pregnancy outcomes. More research is required to identify the most cost-effective strategies for achieving maximum coverage of screening for all pregnant women, and access to treatment if required.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                csp
                Cadernos de Saúde Pública
                Cad. Saúde Pública
                Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz
                1678-4464
                2016
                : 32
                : 6
                : e00082415
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Brazil
                [2 ] Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Brazil
                Article
                S0102-311X2016000605002
                10.1590/0102-311X00082415
                1f7773d3-b34f-497c-8563-244a381b2682

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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                SciELO Public Health

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielosp.org/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0102-311X&lng=en
                Categories
                Health Policy & Services

                Public health
                Sífilis,Sífilis Congênita,Transmissão Vertical de Doença Infecciosa,Saúde Materno-Infantil,Sífilis Congénita,Transmisión Vertical de Enfermedad Infecciosa,Salud Materno-Infantil,Syphilis,Congenital Syphilis,Vertical Infectious Disease Transmission,Maternal and Child Health

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