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      Marine biogeographic realms and species endemicity

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          Abstract

          Marine biogeographic realms have been inferred from small groups of species in particular environments (e.g., coastal, pelagic), without a global map of realms based on statistical analysis of species across all higher taxa. Here we analyze the distribution of 65,000 species of marine animals and plants, and distinguish 30 distinct marine realms, a similar proportion per area as found for land. On average, 42% of species are unique to the realms. We reveal 18 continental-shelf and 12 offshore deep-sea realms, reflecting the wider ranges of species in the pelagic and deep-sea compared to coastal areas. The most widespread species are pelagic microscopic plankton and megafauna. Analysis of pelagic species recognizes five realms within which other realms are nested. These maps integrate the biogeography of coastal and deep-sea, pelagic and benthic environments, and show how land-barriers, salinity, depth, and environmental heterogeneity relate to the evolution of biota. The realms have applications for marine reserves, biodiversity assessments, and as an evolution relevant context for climate change studies.

          Abstract

          Global maps of biogeographic realms help to understand the geological and ecological processes that gave rise to species distributions, yet a marine realm map has been lacking. Here, Costello et al. use a database of over 65,000 species to reveal 30 marine biogeographic realms and high rates of species endemicity.

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          Partitioning the turnover and nestedness components of beta diversity

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            Marine Ecoregions of the World: A Bioregionalization of Coastal and Shelf Areas

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              The magnitude of global marine species diversity.

              The question of how many marine species exist is important because it provides a metric for how much we do and do not know about life in the oceans. We have compiled the first register of the marine species of the world and used this baseline to estimate how many more species, partitioned among all major eukaryotic groups, may be discovered. There are ∼226,000 eukaryotic marine species described. More species were described in the past decade (∼20,000) than in any previous one. The number of authors describing new species has been increasing at a faster rate than the number of new species described in the past six decades. We report that there are ∼170,000 synonyms, that 58,000-72,000 species are collected but not yet described, and that 482,000-741,000 more species have yet to be sampled. Molecular methods may add tens of thousands of cryptic species. Thus, there may be 0.7-1.0 million marine species. Past rates of description of new species indicate there may be 0.5 ± 0.2 million marine species. On average 37% (median 31%) of species in over 100 recent field studies around the world might be new to science. Currently, between one-third and two-thirds of marine species may be undescribed, and previous estimates of there being well over one million marine species appear highly unlikely. More species than ever before are being described annually by an increasing number of authors. If the current trend continues, most species will be discovered this century. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                m.costello@auckland.ac.nz
                Journal
                Nat Commun
                Nat Commun
                Nature Communications
                Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                2041-1723
                20 October 2017
                20 October 2017
                2017
                : 8
                : 1057
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0372 3343, GRID grid.9654.e, Institute of Marine Science, , University of Auckland, ; Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0372 3343, GRID grid.9654.e, Bioinformatics Institute, , University of Auckland, ; Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
                [3 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0372 3343, GRID grid.9654.e, School of Environment, , University of Auckland, ; Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
                [4 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2150 1785, GRID grid.17088.36, Center for Systems Integration and Sustainability, , Michigan State University, ; East Lansing, MI 48823 USA
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2362-0328
                Article
                1121
                10.1038/s41467-017-01121-2
                5648874
                29051522
                1f7a5a9d-7712-4bb2-8ad8-5fed35ec71ef
                © The Author(s) 2017

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 23 October 2016
                : 18 August 2017
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