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      Investing in Family Planning: Key to Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals

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          Abstract

          Voluntary family planning brings transformational benefits to women, families, communities, and countries. Investing in family planning is a development “best buy” that can accelerate achievement across the 5 Sustainable Development Goal themes of People, Planet, Prosperity, Peace, and Partnership.

          Abstract

          Voluntary family planning brings transformational benefits to women, families, communities, and countries. Investing in family planning is a development “best buy” that can accelerate achievement across the 5 Sustainable Development Goal themes of People, Planet, Prosperity, Peace, and Partnership.

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          Most cited references39

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          Family planning: the unfinished agenda.

          John Cleland, Stan Bernstein, Alex Ezeh … (2006)
          Promotion of family planning in countries with high birth rates has the potential to reduce poverty and hunger and avert 32% of all maternal deaths and nearly 10% of childhood deaths. It would also contribute substantially to women's empowerment, achievement of universal primary schooling, and long-term environmental sustainability. In the past 40 years, family-planning programmes have played a major part in raising the prevalence of contraceptive practice from less than 10% to 60% and reducing fertility in developing countries from six to about three births per woman. However, in half the 75 larger low-income and lower-middle income countries (mainly in Africa), contraceptive practice remains low and fertility, population growth, and unmet need for family planning are high. The cross-cutting contribution to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals makes greater investment in family planning in these countries compelling. Despite the size of this unfinished agenda, international funding and promotion of family planning has waned in the past decade. A revitalisation of the agenda is urgently needed. Historically, the USA has taken the lead but other governments or agencies are now needed as champions. Based on the sizeable experience of past decades, the key features of effective programmes are clearly established. Most governments of poor countries already have appropriate population and family-planning policies but are receiving too little international encouragement and funding to implement them with vigour. What is currently missing is political willingness to incorporate family planning into the development arena.
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            An assessment of deforestation and forest degradation drivers in developing countries

            Noriko Hosonuma, Martin Herold, Veronique De Sy … (2012)
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              Effects of birth spacing on maternal, perinatal, infant, and child health: a systematic review of causal mechanisms.

              C A Agudelo, María Bermúdez, Fabio Castaño … (2012)
              This systematic review of 58 observational studies identified hypothetical causal mechanisms explaining the effects of short and long intervals between pregnancies on maternal, perinatal, infant, and child health, and critically examined the scientific evidence for each causal mechanism hypothesized. The following hypothetical causal mechanisms for explaining the association between short intervals and adverse outcomes were identified: maternal nutritional depletion, folate depletion, cervical insufficiency, vertical transmission of infections, suboptimal lactation related to breastfeeding-pregnancy overlap, sibling competition, transmission of infectious diseases among siblings, incomplete healing of uterine scar from previous cesarean delivery, and abnormal remodeling of endometrial blood vessels. Women's physiological regression is the only hypothetical causal mechanism that has been proposed to explain the association between long intervals and adverse outcomes. We found growing evidence supporting most of these hypotheses.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Glob Health Sci Pract
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Glob Health Sci Pract
                Journal ID (hwp): ghsp
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ghsp
                Title: Global Health: Science and Practice
                Publisher: Global Health: Science and Practice
                ISSN (Electronic): 2169-575X
                Publication date Collection: 20 June 2016
                Publication date (Electronic): 20 June 2016
                Volume: 4
                Issue: 2
                Pages: 191-210
                Affiliations
                [a ]U.S. Agency for International Development , Washington, DC, USA
                Author notes
                Correspondence to Rachel Marcus ( rmarcus@ 123456usaid.gov ).
                Article
                Publisher ID: GHSP-D-15-00374
                DOI: 10.9745/GHSP-D-15-00374
                PMC ID: 4982245
                PubMed ID: 27353614
                SO-VID: 1f91cb69-ff79-4d77-968c-450001c434e9
                Copyright statement: © Starbird et al.
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are properly cited. To view a copy of the license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/. When linking to this article, please use the following permanent link: http://dx.doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-15-00374.

                History
                Date received : 18 November 2015
                Date accepted : 2 May 2016
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                Subject: Commentary

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