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      Characterization of the Complete Mitochondrial Genome of Ostertagia trifurcata of Small Ruminants and its Phylogenetic Associations for the Trichostrongyloidea Superfamily

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          Abstract

          The complete mitochondrial (mt) genome of Ostertagia trifurcata, a parasitic nematode of small ruminants, has been sequenced and its phylogenetic relationship with selected members from the superfamily Trichostrongyloidea was investigated on the basis of deduced datasets of mt amino acid sequences. The entire mt genome of Ostertagia trifurcata is circular and 14,151 bp in length. It consists of a total of 36 genes comprising 12 genes coding for proteins (PCGs), 2 genes for ribosomal RNA (rRNA), 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes and 2 non-coding regions, since all genes are transcribed in the same direction. The phylogenetic analysis based on the concatenated datasets of predicted amino acid sequences of the 12 protein coding genes supported monophylies of the Haemonchidae, Dictyocaulidae and Molineidae families, but rejected monophylies of the Trichostrongylidae family. The complete characterization and provision of the mtDNA sequence of Ostertagia trifurcata provides novel genetic markers for molecular epidemiological investigations, systematics, diagnostics and population genetics of Ostertagia trifurcata and its correspondents.

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          Mitochondrial DNA maintenance in vertebrates.

          G S Shadel, D Clayton (1997)
          The discovery that mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) can be pathogenic in humans has increased interest in understanding mtDNA maintenance. The functional state of mtDNA requires a great number of factors for gene expression, DNA replication, and DNA repair. These processes are ultimately controlled by the cell nucleus, because the requisite proteins are all encoded by nuclear genes and imported into the mitochondrion. DNA replication and transcription are linked in vertebrate mitochondria because RNA transcripts initiated at the light-strand promoter are the primers for mtDNA replication at the heavy-strand origin. Study of this transcription-primed DNA replication mechanism has led to isolation of key factors involved in mtDNA replication and transcription and to elucidation of unique nucleic acid structures formed at this origin. Because features of a transcription-primed mechanism appear to be conserved in vertebrates, a general model for initiation of vertebrate heavy-strand DNA synthesis is proposed. In many organisms, mtDNA maintenance requires not only faithful mtDNA replication, but also mtDNA repair and recombination. The extent to which these latter two processes are involved in mtDNA maintenance in vertebrates is also appraised.
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            Molecular prospecting for cryptic species of nematodes: mitochondrial DNA versus internal transcribed spacer.

            Michael Blouin (2002)
            DNA sequence divergence at internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS-1 and ITS-2) was compared with divergence at mitochondrial cox1 or nad4 loci in pairs of congeneric nematode species. Mitochondrial sequences accumulate substitutions much more quickly than internal transcribed spacer, the difference being most striking in the most closely related species pairs. Thus, mitochondrial DNA may be the best choice for applications in which one is using sequence data on small numbers of individuals to search for potential cryptic species. On the other hand, internal transcribed spacer remains an excellent tool for DNA diagnostics (quickly distinguishing between known species) owing to its lower level of intraspecific polymorphism.
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              Rapid sequencing of rDNA from single worms and eggs of parasitic helminths.

              Stephanie N. Chilton, I Beveridge, R Gasser … (1993)
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Genes (Basel)
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Genes (Basel)
                Journal ID (publisher-id): genes
                Title: Genes
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 2073-4425
                Publication date (Electronic): 31 January 2019
                Publication date Collection: February 2019
                Volume: 10
                Issue: 2
                Electronic Location Identifier: 107
                Affiliations
                [1 ]State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory for the Development of Veterinary Products, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; awais@ 123456webmail.hzau.edu.cn (A.A.A.); xinyang@ 123456webmail.hzau.edu.cn (X.Y.); tingzhang1@ 123456webmail.hzau.edu.cn (T.Z.); wangchunqun@ 123456webmail.hzau.edu.cn (C.W.); ZCX19920102@ 123456webmail.hzau.edu.cn (C.Z.); yanxingrun@ 123456webmail.hzau.edu.cn (X.Y.); mubashar.hassan@ 123456webmail.hzau.edu.cn (M.H.)
                [2 ]Statistical Genomics Lab, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; ikramuaf35@ 123456outlook.com
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: mhu@ 123456mail.hzau.edu.cn
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1245-3803
                Article
                Publisher ID: genes-10-00107
                DOI: 10.3390/genes10020107
                PMC ID: 6410049
                PubMed ID: 30709051
                SO-VID: 1f94b508-34a8-438c-bb27-1e1330b34d40
                Copyright © © 2019 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 03 January 2019
                Date accepted : 29 January 2019
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                Keywords: ostertagia trifurcata,mitochondrial genome,mitochondrial dna,phylogenetic analysis
                Data availability:
                Keywords: ostertagia trifurcata, mitochondrial genome, mitochondrial dna, phylogenetic analysis

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