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      Mechanisms of Cisplatin Nephrotoxicity

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          Abstract

          Cisplatin is a widely used and highly effective cancer chemotherapeutic agent. One of the limiting side effects of cisplatin use is nephrotoxicity. Research over the past 10 years has uncovered many of the cellular mechanisms which underlie cisplatin-induced renal cell death. It has also become apparent that inflammation provoked by injury to renal epithelial cells serves to amplify kidney injury and dysfunction in vivo. This review summarizes recent advances in our understanding of cisplatin nephrotoxicity and discusses how these advances might lead to more effective prevention.

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          Most cited references202

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          In vivo depletion of CD11c+ dendritic cells abrogates priming of CD8+ T cells by exogenous cell-associated antigens.

          Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) respond to antigenic peptides presented on MHC class I molecules. On most cells, these peptides are exclusively of endogenous, cytosolic origin. Bone marrow-derived antigen-presenting cells, however, harbor a unique pathway for MHC I presentation of exogenous antigens. This mechanism permits cross-presentation of pathogen-infected cells and the priming of CTL responses against intracellular microbial infections. Here, we report a novel diphtheria toxin-based system that allows the inducible, short-term ablation of dendritic cells (DC) in vivo. We show that in vivo DC are required to cross-prime CTL precursors. Our results thus define a unique in vivo role of DC, i.e., the sensitization of the immune system for cell-associated antigens. DC-depleted mice fail to mount CTL responses to infection with the intracellular bacterium Listeria monocytogenes and the rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium yoelii.
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            An endotoxin-induced serum factor that causes necrosis of tumors.

            In studying "hemorrhagic necrosis" of tumors produced by endotoxin, it was found that the serum of bacillus Calmette--Guerin (BCG)-infected mice treated with endotoxin contains a substance (tumor necrosis factor; TNF) which mimics the tumor necrotic action of endotoxin itself. TNF-positive serum is as effective as endotoxin itself in causing necrosis of the sarcoma Meth A and other transplanted tumors. A variety of tests indicate that TNF is not residual endotoxin, but a factor released from host cells, probably macrophages, by endotoxin. Corynebacteria and Zymosan, which like BCG induce hyperplasia of the reticulo-endothelial system, can substitute for BCG in priming mice for release of TNF by endotoxin. TNF is toxic in vitro for two neoplastic cell lines; it is not toxic for mouse embryo cultures. We propose that TNF mediates endotoxin-induced tumor necrosis, and that it may be responsible for the suppression of transformed cells by activated macrophages.
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              Blocking TNF-alpha in mice reduces colorectal carcinogenesis associated with chronic colitis.

              The inflammatory bowel disease ulcerative colitis (UC) frequently progresses to colon cancer. To understand the mechanisms by which UC patients develop colon carcinomas, we used a mouse model of the disease whereby administration of azoxymethane (AOM) followed by repeated dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) ingestion causes severe colonic inflammation and the subsequent development of multiple tumors. We found that treating WT mice with AOM and DSS increased TNF-alpha expression and the number of infiltrating leukocytes expressing its major receptor, p55 (TNF-Rp55), in the lamina propria and submucosal regions of the colon. This was followed by the development of multiple colonic tumors. Mice lacking TNF-Rp55 and treated with AOM and DSS showed reduced mucosal damage, reduced infiltration of macrophages and neutrophils, and attenuated subsequent tumor formation. WT mice transplanted with TNF-Rp55-deficient bone marrow also developed significantly fewer tumors after AOM and DSS treatment than either WT mice or TNF-Rp55-deficient mice transplanted with WT bone marrow. Furthermore, administration of etanercept, a specific antagonist of TNF-alpha, to WT mice after treatment with AOM and DSS markedly reduced the number and size of tumors and reduced colonic infiltration by neutrophils and macrophages. These observations identify TNF-alpha as a crucial mediator of the initiation and progression of colitis-associated colon carcinogenesis and suggest that targeting TNF-alpha may be useful in treating colon cancer in individuals with UC.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Toxins (Basel)
                toxins
                Toxins
                MDPI
                2072-6651
                26 October 2010
                November 2010
                : 2
                : 11
                : 2490-2518
                Affiliations
                Division of Nephrology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; Email: RMiller8@ 123456hmc.psu.edu (R.P.M.); rkt113@ 123456psu.edu (R.K.T.); GRamesh@ 123456hmc.psu.edu (G.R.)
                Author notes
                [* ] Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; Email: WReeves@ 123456psu.edu ; Tel.: +1-717-531-8156; Fax: +1-717-531-6776.
                Article
                toxins-02-02490
                10.3390/toxins2112490
                3153174
                22069563
                1f9d6a78-b93a-464c-a176-4e5bcd7a2ca7
                © 2010 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

                This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

                History
                : 14 September 2010
                : 14 October 2010
                : 22 October 2010
                Categories
                Review

                Molecular medicine
                cisplatin,inflammation,kidney injury,nephrotoxicity,apoptosis,dendritic cells,cytokines,toll-like receptors

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