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      Comparación entre las escalas Norton, Braden y EMINA originales y las escalas Braden y EMINA modificadas para pacientes inmovilizados en atención domiciliaria Translated title: Comparison between Norton, Braden and EMINA original scales and Braden and EMINA modified scales for immobilized patients in home care

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          Abstract

          Resumen Objetivo: General: Clasificar en niveles de riesgo a los pacientes según las escalas Norton, EMINA y Braden originales y las escalas Braden y EMINA modificadas para pacientes de atención domiciliaria incluidos en programa de inmovilizados. Específicos: a) analizar la concordancia entre las escalas y su nivel de significación; b) determinar la incidencia de lesiones por presión en los pacientes valorados con las escalas Braden y EMINA modificadas para pacientes inmovilizados incluidos en programa de atención domiciliaria. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo longitudinal del total de los pacientes incluidos dentro del programa de atención domiciliaria, inmovilizados, de un cupo de enfermería. Muestra conceptual de 45 pacientes. El estudio se desarrolló en la Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Algarrobo, perteneciente al Área de Gestión Sanitaria Este de Málaga-Axarquía, desde enero 2021 hasta julio 2021. Resultados: Al comparar las escalas originales con la escala Braden modificada para pacientes inmovilizados en atención domiciliaria, se obtuvo un valor de kappa de 0,0727 con la escala Norton, de 0,404 con la escala Braden original y de 0,286 con la escala EMINA original. Los valores de kappa para la comparación entre la escala EMINA modificada para pacientes inmovilizados en atención domiciliaria y las originales arrojaron un resultado de 0,345 con Norton, de 0,503 con Braden original y de 0,5 con EMINA original. Al terminar el estudio se registraron 5 pacientes que habían padecido úlceras por presión, 4 fuera del ámbito de la atención domiciliaria y 1 con úlceras de Kennedy. Conclusiones: Las escalas Norton, Braden y EMINA originales catalogan como de alto riesgo a más pacientes que las escalas Braden y EMINA modificadas para pacientes inmovilizados en atención domiciliaria. La concordancia entre las escalas originales y las modificadas para pacientes inmovilizados en atención domiciliaria es leve o moderada, con altos niveles de significación, debido a los cambios en los puntos de corte de las escalas modificadas para atención domiciliaria. No hay estudios que hagan referencia con las escalas modificadas para atención domiciliaria. Se siguen aplicando escalas no validadas para el entorno de la atención domiciliaria.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Objective: General: Classify in risk levels the patients according to scales Norton, EMINA and Braden originals and Braden and EMINA modified scales for patients in home care included in the immobilized programme. Specifics: a) analysis the concordance between the scales and its significance level; b) determine the incidence of pressure ulcers in patients evaluated with Braden and EMINA scales modified for immobilized patients included in the home care program. Methodology: Longitudinal descriptive study of the total of patients included in the home care program, immobilized, of a nursing quota. Conceptual sample of 45 patients. The study was carried out in the Clinical Management Unit of Algarrobo, belonging to the Area of Health Management East of Málaga-Axarquía. From January 2021 to July 2021. Results: Comparing the original scales with the Braden modified scale for immobilized patients in Home Care, a Kappa value of 0.0727 was obtained with the Norton scale, 0.404 with the original Braden scale and 0.286 with the original EMINA scale. Kappa values for the comparison between the modified EMINA scale for patients immobilized in home care and the original ones yielded a result of 0.345 with Norton, 0.503 with original Braden and 0.5 with original EMINA. At the end of the study, 5 patients were registered having suffered pressure ulcers, 4 outside the scope of home care and 1 with Kennedy ulcers. Conclusions: Norton, Braden and EMINA original scales lists as high-risk more patients than the modified Braden and EMINA scales for patients immobilized in home care. The agreement between the original and modified scales for patients immobilized in home care is mild or moderate, with high levels of significance, due to changes in cut-off points of modified scales for home care. The incidence found, there are no studies that refer to modified scales for home care. Non-validated scales continue to be applying for the home care environment.

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          Risk assessment scales for pressure ulcer prevention: a systematic review.

          This paper reports a systematic review conducted to determine the effectiveness of the use of risk assessment scales for pressure ulcer prevention in clinical practice, degree of validation of risk assessment scales, and effectiveness of risk assessment scales as indicators of risk of developing a pressure ulcer. Pressure ulcers are an important health problem. The best strategy to avoid them is prevention. There are several risk assessment scales for pressure ulcer prevention which complement nurses' clinical judgement. However, some of these have not undergone proper validation. A systematic bibliographical review was conducted, based on a search of 14 databases in four languages using the keywords pressure ulcer or pressure sore or decubitus ulcer and risk assessment. Reports of clinical trials or prospective studies of validation were included in the review. Thirty-three studies were included in the review, three on clinical effectiveness and the rest on scale validation. There is no decrease in pressure ulcer incidence was found which might be attributed to use of an assessment scale. However, the use of scales increases the intensity and effectiveness of prevention interventions. The Braden Scale shows optimal validation and the best sensitivity/specificity balance (57.1%/67.5%, respectively); its score is a good pressure ulcer risk predictor (odds ratio = 4.08, CI 95% = 2.56-6.48). The Norton Scale has reasonable scores for sensitivity (46.8%), specificity (61.8%) and risk prediction (OR = 2.16, CI 95% = 1.03-4.54). The Waterlow Scale offers a high sensitivity score (82.4%), but low specificity (27.4%); with a good risk prediction score (OR = 2.05, CI 95% = 1.11-3.76). Nurses' clinical judgement (only considered in three studies) gives moderate scores for sensitivity (50.6%) and specificity (60.1%), but is not a good pressure ulcer risk predictor (OR = 1.69, CI 95% = 0.76-3.75). There is no evidence that the use of risk assessment scales decreases pressure ulcer incidence. The Braden Scale offers the best balance between sensitivity and specificity and the best risk estimate. Both the Braden and Norton Scales are more accurate than nurses' clinical judgement in predicting pressure ulcer risk.
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            A clinical trial of the Braden Scale for Predicting Pressure Sore Risk.

            The purpose of this article was to describe the protocol by which predictive instruments can be tested for validity and to evaluate the usefulness of an instrument for predicting pressure sore risk in an AICU. The Braden Scale for Predicting Pressure Sore Risk was described. Methods for measuring predictive validity and for calculating sensitivity, specificity, and per cent predictive value of positive and negative tests were discussed. Sixty consecutively admitted AICU patients who were pressure sore free were rated for pressure sore risk within 24 to 72 hours after admission. The skin condition of each patient was systematically assessed every 2 days. Twenty-four subjects developed pressure sores during the study period. The critical cut-off point at which the patient could be judged to be at risk for pressure sore formation was a Braden Scale score equal to or less than 16. The sensitivity and specificity of the scale at this score were 83 to 64 per cent, respectively. The per cent predictive value of a positive and negative test were 61 and 85 per cent, respectively. The Braden Scale compared favorably with the Norton Scale in respect to sensitivity. The specificity, or the tendency of a scale to overpredict, was greater for the Norton than for the Braden Scale. The Norton Scale overpredicted by 64 per cent, whereas the Braden Scale overpredicted by 36 per cent. This difference may be important clinically if all patients who were judged to be at risk received additional nursing care or protective devices. A greater number of patients may receive unnecessary and expensive treatments using the Norton Scale.
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              • Article: not found

              Pressure area care: an exploration of Greek nurses' knowledge and practice

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                geroko
                Gerokomos
                Gerokomos
                Sociedad Española de Enfermería Geriátrica y Gerontológica (Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain )
                1134-928X
                2022
                : 33
                : 4
                : 251-255
                Affiliations
                [3] Málaga orgnameÁrea de Gestión Sanitaria Este de Málaga-Axarquía orgdiv1Unidad de Gestión Clínica Vélez-Norte España
                [2] Málaga orgnameÁrea de Gestión Sanitaria Este de Málaga-Axarquía España
                [1] Málaga orgnameÁrea de Gestión Sanitaria Este de Málaga-Axarquía orgdiv1Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Algarrobo España
                Article
                S1134-928X2022000400009 S1134-928X(22)03300400009
                1fa5fec1-36df-4835-8f05-50b84247f8ee

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 24 January 2022
                : 20 January 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 21, Pages: 5
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Helcos

                Risk assessment scales,immobilized,pressure ulcer,Escalas de valoración del riesgo,atención domiciliaria,inmovilizados,úlceras por presión,home care

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