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      Reduced serum VGF levels are linked with suicide risk in Chinese Han patients with major depressive disorder

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          Abstract

          Background

          VGF (nonacronymic) is a neuropeptide that plays an important role in the pathogenesis of major depressive disorder (MDD). However, no studies have yet investigated VGF levels in patients with MDD who are at risk of suicide. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether serum VGF levels are related to suicide risk in patients with MMD.

          Methods

          A total of 107 patients with MDD and 40 normal control participated in the present study. The risk of suicide was assessed using the Nurses Global Assessment of Suicide Risk (NGASR). On this basis, 60 patients were assigned to a high-risk group (NGASR≥9) and 47 were assigned to a low-risk group (NGASR< 9). The severity of depression was measured using the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS). Levels of serum VGF were determined using a double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

          Results

          Serum VGF levels in the high-risk group (883.34 ± 139.67 pg/mL) were significantly lower than in the low-risk group (1020.56 ± 131.76 pg/mL) and in the control group (1107.00 ± 155.38 pg/mL) (F = 31.90, p < 0.001). In patients with MDD, suicide risk was significantly negatively correlated with VGF levels ( r = − 0.55, p = 0.001).

          Conclusions

          Reduced serum VGF levels are related to risk of suicide in patients with MDD, so VGF may be a biomarker of suicide risk in MDD.

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          Most cited references28

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          Low plasma BDNF is associated with suicidal behavior in major depression.

          Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), the most abundant neurotrophin in the brain, has a known association with the pathophysiology of anxiety and depression. However, the role of BDNF in suicide has not been well investigated to date. This study examined plasma BDNF levels in 32 major depressive disorder (MDD) patients who had recently attempted suicide, 32 non-suicidal MDD patients, and 30 normal controls. The lethality of the suicide attempt was measured using the Risk-Rescue Rating (RRR) and Lethality Suicide Attempt Rating Scale (LSARS). The severity of depression was measured with the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS). Plasma BDNF levels were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. BDNF levels were significantly lower in suicidal MDD patients (430.5+/-397.0 pg/ml) than non-suicidal MDD patients (875.80+/-663.02 pg/ml) or normal controls (889.4+/-611.3 pg/ml) (F=6.682, p=0.002). The most suitable cut-off point of BDNF level between suicidal depression and non-suicidal depression groups was 444.58 pg/ml. At this cut-off point, the sensitivity=68.7%, specificity=78.1%, positive predictive value=75.9%, and negative predictive value=71.4%. However, there was no significant difference in BDNF levels between the depressive control and normal control groups (p=0.996). LSARS and RRR did not reveal any significant correlations with BDNF levels in suicidal patients. In addition, BDNF levels were not different between fatal and non-fatal suicide attempts. These results suggest that reduction of plasma BDNF level is related to suicidal behavior in major depression and that BDNF level may be a biological marker of suicidal depression.
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            Understanding Links among Opioid Use, Overdose, and Suicide

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              Bereavement after the suicide of a significant other

              Context: It is estimated that approximately one in four people know someone who has taken their own life and that one suicide death leaves six or more suicide survivors. Aims: The aim of this paper was to review the literature regarding the association between suicide and bereavement, focusing also on the supportive and therapeutic resources available for survivors. Materials and Methods: Careful MedLine and PsycINFO searches for the period 1980-2013. Results: The review of the literature indicates that emotional turmoil in suicide survivors may last a long time and, in some cases, may end with their own suicide. Conclusion: Future research should evaluate the efficacy of professional treatments and of support groups targeting suicide survivors. Practice Implications: It is crucial to understand the bereavement process after the suicide of a significant other in order to provide proper care, reduce stigma, and improve the outcomes of related psychiatric conditions.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                wangchuang@nbu.edu.cn
                Journal
                BMC Psychiatry
                BMC Psychiatry
                BMC Psychiatry
                BioMed Central (London )
                1471-244X
                12 May 2020
                12 May 2020
                2020
                : 20
                : 225
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.452715.0, ISNI 0000 0004 1782 599X, Ningbo Kangning Hospital, ; Ningbo, 315201 Zhejiang China
                [2 ]Taizhou 2nd People’s Hospital, Taizhou, 317200 Zhejiang China
                [3 ]GRID grid.203507.3, ISNI 0000 0000 8950 5267, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, , School of Medicine, Ningbo University, ; 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211 China
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3816-230X
                Article
                2634
                10.1186/s12888-020-02634-9
                7216356
                32398015
                1fcb644f-362f-4f93-b55e-4f052f82c3b8
                © The Author(s) 2020

                Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

                History
                : 22 January 2020
                : 28 April 2020
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001809, National Natural Science Foundation of China;
                Award ID: 81671337
                Funded by: Funds for Distinguished Young Scientists of Zhejiang
                Award ID: LR20H090001
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100007834, Natural Science Foundation of Ningbo;
                Award ID: 2016A610185
                Categories
                Research Article
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2020

                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                major depressive disorder (mdd),vgf,suicide risk
                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                major depressive disorder (mdd), vgf, suicide risk

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