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      Geoarchaeology, the four dimensional (4D) fluvial matrix and climatic causality

      Geomorphology
      Elsevier BV

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          Terrestrial in situ cosmogenic nuclides: theory and application

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            Natural streams and the legacy of water-powered mills.

            Gravel-bedded streams are thought to have a characteristic meandering form bordered by a self-formed, fine-grained floodplain. This ideal guides a multibillion-dollar stream restoration industry. We have mapped and dated many of the deposits along mid-Atlantic streams that formed the basis for this widely accepted model. These data, as well as historical maps and records, show instead that before European settlement, the streams were small anabranching channels within extensive vegetated wetlands that accumulated little sediment but stored substantial organic carbon. Subsequently, 1 to 5 meters of slackwater sedimentation, behind tens of thousands of 17th- to 19th-century milldams, buried the presettlement wetlands with fine sediment. These findings show that most floodplains along mid-Atlantic streams are actually fill terraces, and historically incised channels are not natural archetypes for meandering streams.
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              Punctuated equilibrium comes of age.

              The intense controversies that surrounded the youth of punctuated equilibrium have helped it mature to a useful extension of evolutionary theory. As a complement to phyletic gradualism, its most important implications remain the recognition of stasis as a meaningful and predominant pattern within the history of species, and in the recasting of macroevolution as the differential success of certain species (and their descendants) within clades.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Geomorphology
                Geomorphology
                Elsevier BV
                0169555X
                October 2008
                October 2008
                : 101
                : 1-2
                : 278-297
                Article
                10.1016/j.geomorph.2008.05.021
                20361401-abae-4f25-af32-63ddd698b886
                © 2008

                http://www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/

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