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      Artificial Mitochondria Transfer: Current Challenges, Advances, and Future Applications

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          Abstract

          The objective of this review is to outline existing artificial mitochondria transfer techniques and to describe the future steps necessary to develop new therapeutic applications in medicine. Inspired by the symbiotic origin of mitochondria and by the cell's capacity to transfer these organelles to damaged neighbors, many researchers have developed procedures to artificially transfer mitochondria from one cell to another. The techniques currently in use today range from simple coincubations of isolated mitochondria and recipient cells to the use of physical approaches to induce integration. These methods mimic natural mitochondria transfer. In order to use mitochondrial transfer in medicine, we must answer key questions about how to replicate aspects of natural transport processes to improve current artificial transfer methods. Another priority is to determine the optimum quantity and cell/tissue source of the mitochondria in order to induce cell reprogramming or tissue repair, in both in vitro and in vivo applications. Additionally, it is important that the field explores how artificial mitochondria transfer techniques can be used to treat different diseases and how to navigate the ethical issues in such procedures. Without a doubt, mitochondria are more than mere cell power plants, as we continue to discover their potential to be used in medicine.

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          Most cited references136

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              Mitochondrial dynamics and inheritance during cell division, development and disease.

              During cell division, it is critical to properly partition functional sets of organelles to each daughter cell. The partitioning of mitochondria shares some common features with that of other organelles, particularly in the use of interactions with cytoskeletal elements to facilitate delivery to the daughter cells. However, mitochondria have unique features - including their own genome and a maternal mode of germline transmission - that place additional demands on this process. Consequently, mechanisms have evolved to regulate mitochondrial segregation during cell division, oogenesis, fertilization and tissue development, as well as to ensure the integrity of these organelles and their DNA, including fusion-fission dynamics, organelle transport, mitophagy and genetic selection of functional genomes. Defects in these processes can lead to cell and tissue pathologies.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Stem Cells Int
                Stem Cells Int
                SCI
                Stem Cells International
                Hindawi
                1687-966X
                1687-9678
                2017
                2 July 2017
                : 2017
                : 7610414
                Affiliations
                1Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ), 170901 Quito, Ecuador
                2Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Instituto de Microbiología, Universidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ), 170901 Quito, Ecuador
                3Mito-Act Research Consortium, Quito, Ecuador
                4Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ), 170901 Quito, Ecuador
                5Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ), 170901 Quito, Ecuador
                6Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapy (IRMB), INSERM U1183, 2 Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
                7Laboratory of Nano-Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Los Andes, Santiago, Chile
                8Consorcio Regenero, Chilean Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, Santiago, Chile
                9Cells for Cells, Santiago, Chile
                Author notes

                Academic Editor: Pascal May-Panloup

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8821-0333
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6092-522X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3053-2329
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9965-6266
                Article
                10.1155/2017/7610414
                5511681
                28751917
                204c1f4e-2029-4e69-9008-fba4371425e1
                Copyright © 2017 Andrés Caicedo et al.

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 21 February 2017
                : 30 April 2017
                : 15 May 2017
                Funding
                Funded by: Chilean FONDECYT
                Award ID: 1170852
                Funded by: USFQ Publication Fund
                Funded by: USFQ Medical School
                Funded by: USFQ Chancellor
                Funded by: USFQ Collaboration
                Funded by: Universidad San Francisco
                Categories
                Review Article

                Molecular medicine
                Molecular medicine

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