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      Wildlife road traffic accidents: a standardized protocol for counting flattened fauna

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          Abstract

          Previous assessments of wildlife road mortality have not used directly comparable methods and, at present, there is no standardized protocol for the collection of such data. Consequently, there are no internationally comparative statistics documenting roadkill rates. In this study, we used a combination of experimental trials and road transects to design a standardized protocol to assess roadkill rates on both paved and unpaved roads. Simulated roadkill were positioned over a 1 km distance, and trials were conducted at eight different speeds (20–100 km·h −1). The recommended protocol was then tested on a 100-km transect, driven daily over a 40-day period. This recorded 413 vertebrate roadkill, comprising 106 species. We recommend the protocol be adopted for future road ecology studies to enable robust statistical comparisons between studies.

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          Sufficient sampling for asymptotic minimum species richness estimators.

          Wei Lin, Anne Chao, Nicholas Gotelli … (2009)
          Biodiversity sampling is labor intensive, and a substantial fraction of a biota is often represented by species of very low abundance, which typically remain undetected by biodiversity surveys. Statistical methods are widely used to estimate the asymptotic number of species present, including species not yet detected. Additional sampling is required to detect and identify these species, but richness estimators do not indicate how much sampling effort (additional individuals or samples) would be necessary to reach the asymptote of the species accumulation curve. Here we develop the first statistically rigorous nonparametric method for estimating the minimum number of additional individuals, samples, or sampling area required to detect any arbitrary proportion (including 100%) of the estimated asymptotic species richness. The method uses the Chao1 and Chao2 nonparametric estimators of asymptotic richness, which are based on the frequencies of rare species in the original sampling data. To evaluate the performance of the proposed method, we randomly subsampled individuals or quadrats from two large biodiversity inventories (light trap captures of Lepidoptera in Great Britain and censuses of woody plants on Barro Colorado Island [BCI], Panama). The simulation results suggest that the method performs well but is slightly conservative for small sample sizes. Analyses of the BCI results suggest that the method is robust to nonindependence arising from small-scale spatial aggregation of species occurrences. When the method was applied to seven published biodiversity data sets, the additional sampling effort necessary to capture all the estimated species ranged from 1.05 to 10.67 times the original sample (median approximately equal to 2.23). Substantially less effort is needed to detect 90% of the species (0.33-1.10 times the original effort; median approximately equal to 0.80). An Excel spreadsheet tool is provided for calculating necessary sampling effort for either abundance data or replicated incidence data.
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            Roadkills of vertebrate species on two highways through the Atlantic Forest Biosphere Reserve, southern Brazil

            Igor Coelho, Artur Coelho, Andreas Kindel (2008)
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              The influence of body-size and diet on road-kill trends in mammals

              Erika Barthelmess, Margot S. Brooks (2010)
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Ecol Evol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Ecol Evol
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ece3
                Title: Ecology and Evolution
                Publisher: BlackWell Publishing Ltd (Oxford, UK )
                ISSN (Print): 2045-7758
                ISSN (Electronic): 2045-7758
                Publication date (Print): August 2014
                Publication date (Electronic): 10 July 2014
                Volume: 4
                Issue: 15
                Pages: 3060-3071
                Affiliations
                [1 ]The Endangered Wildlife Trust Johannesburg, South Africa
                [2 ]Wildlife and Reserve Management Research Group, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University Grahamstown, South Africa
                [3 ]Department of Nature Conservation, Tshwane University of Technology Pretoria, South Africa
                Author notes
                Correspondence Wendy Collinson, P. Bag X11, Modderfontein, 1645, Johannesburg, South Africa. Tel: +27 73 596 1673; Fax: +27 11 608 4682; E-mail: wendyc@ 123456ewt.org.za

                Funding Information Thanks to De Beers Group of Companies, E. Oppenheimer & Son, and Mopane Bush Lodge for logistical support. This research was initiated by the Endangered Wildlife Trust, with funding from Bridgestone SA.

                Article
                DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1097
                PMC ID: 4161179
                SO-VID: 209861ab-c61c-495a-b9d5-db29215087e3
                Copyright © © 2014 The Authors. Ecology and Evolution published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
                License:

                This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 22 December 2013
                Date revision received : 03 April 2014
                Date accepted : 08 April 2014
                Categories
                Subject: Original Research

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Evolutionary Biology
                Keywords: detection,experimental trials,modeling,protocol,road transects,roadkill,species richness,wildlife traffic mortality
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Evolutionary Biology
                Keywords: detection, experimental trials, modeling, protocol, road transects, roadkill, species richness, wildlife traffic mortality

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